The development of tourism in Edremit Province of Van: Resilience and change

Abstract

Tourism is an important source of employment and value added for developed and developing countries alike. The development of tourism is particularly important in the elimination of regional economic, social and cultural imbalances in developing countries. However, development and advancement cannot be expected to continue with a linear acceleration. This may dependent on social, political, natural and environmental reasons. In this study, the relationship between tourism and the resilience theory which is used in tourism geography researches in recent years and which is expected to be developed by local communities against unexpected situations is thoroughly discussed. In this context, the Edremit province of Van, which has been exposed to few disturbance situations (earthquake, terrorism, economic instability) at the point of development of tourism, has been selected as a case area. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews based on the qualitative research strategy. As a result of this study, adaptations of local sector representatives in the development and change of tourism in Edremit province were critically evaluated. The study is considered to fill an important gap in the literature, especially in terms of revealing the relationship between the resilience theory and tourism through local actors. As a result of this study, it has been seen that local enterprises and sector representatives have positive views on the changing process and they all agree on diversification of tourism products and presenting them with an innovative perspective. However, it is seen that difficulties such as cooperation, acting together, participatory management have weaknesses in terms of being a resilient tourism community.

Keywords

• Resilience,Tourism,Van,Edremit,Planning

Van’ın Edremit ilçesinde turizmin gelişimi: Rezilyans ve değişim

Öz

Turizm hem gelişmekte olan hem de gelişmiş ülkeler için önemli bir istihdam yaratma ve katma değer üretme kaynağıdır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından turizmin gelişimi özellikle bölgesel ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel dengesizliklerin ortadan kaldırılması noktasında da önemlidir. Ancak, gelişim ve kalkınma sürecinin doğrusal bir ivme ile devam etmesi çoğu zaman beklenemez. Bunun sosyal, politik, doğal ve çevresel nedenleri olabilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Turizm Coğrafyası araştırmalarında son yıllarda kullanılan ve beklenilmeyen durumlara karşı yerel toplumların geliştirmeleri beklenilen “rezilyans” teorisi ile turizm ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, daha önce turizmin gelişmesi noktasında farklı olumsuz (deprem, terör, ekonomik istikrarsızlık) gibi durumlara maruz kalmış olan Van’ın Edremit ilçesi örnek alan olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırma’da veriler nitel araştırma stratejisine bağlı olarak yüz yüze mülakatlar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, yerel sektör temsilcilerinin Edremit ilçesindeki turizmin gelişimi ile değişimi sürecinde adaptasyonları eleştirel bir boyutta değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, özellikle rezilyans teorinin turizmle ilişkisinin yerel aktörler aracılığıyla ortaya konulması noktasında literatürde önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, yerel işletmelerin ve sektör temsilcilerinin değişen sürece yönelik bakış açılarının olumlu olduğu, turistik ürünlerin çeşitlendirilmesi ve yenilikçi bir perspektifle sunulması noktasında fikir birliği içerisinde olduklarını ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, işbirliği, birlikte hareket etme, katılımcı yönetim gibi zorlukların ise rezilyans bir turizm toplumu olma noktasında zayıf yönlerinin olduğu görülmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rezilyans,Turizm,Van,Edremit

References

1. Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: are they related?. Progress in human geography, 24(3), 347-364.
2. Alexander, D. E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural hazards and earth system sciences, 13(11), 2707-2716.
3. Amir, A. F., Ghapar, A. A., Jamal, S. A., & Ahmad, K. N. (2015). Sustainable tourism development: A study on community resilience for rural tourism in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 116-122.
4. Aşur, F . (2017). Van Kenti Yakın Çevresi Kıyı Alanı Örneğinde Sulak Alanlar ve Görsel Peyzaj Kalite Değerlendirmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi , 4 (4) , 506-515.
5. Bec, A., McLennan, C. L., & Moyle, B. D. (2016). Community resilience to long-term tourism decline and rejuvenation: A literature review and conceptual model. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(5), 431-457.
6. Becken, S. (2013). Developing a framework for assessing resilience of tourism sub-systems to climatic factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 506-528.
7. Beckett & Raeder. (2017) Planning for Community Resilience in Michigan: A Comprehensive Handbook. LIAA; Beckett & Raeder, Inc.; and the Michigan Association of Planning.
8. Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1994, August). Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In Workshop Property rights and the performance of natural Resource systems.

9. Berkes, F., Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: towards an integrated approach. Soc. Nat. Resour. 26, 5-20.
10. Biggs, D. (2011). Understanding resilience in a vulnerable industry: the case of reef tourism in Australia. Ecology and society, 16(1).
11. Biggs, D., Hall, C., & Stoeckl, N. (2012). The resilience of formal and informal enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 645–665.
12. Özden, A. T. (2012). Disaster, Memory and Culture: Distressing Attempts to Develop Disaster Culture in Turkey, The Newsleter,Disaster, Conflict and Social Crisis Research Network, Vol. 13, No. 48, pp. 9-14, August-November (www.dscrn.org).
13. Boluk, K. A., Cavaliere, C. T., & Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2019, baskıda). A critical framework for interrogating the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda in tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1619748
14. Canadian Centre for Community Renewal. (2000). The community resilience manual. A resource for rural recovery and renewal. Port Alberni, Canada: Centre for Community Enterprise. http://communityrenewal.ca/sites/all/files/resource/P200_0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20 Ağustos 2019).
15. Coghlan, A., & Prideaux, B. (2009). Welcome to the Wet Tropics: the importance of weather in reef tourism resilience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(2), 89-104.
16. Dahles, H., & Susilowati, T. P. (2015). Business resilience in times of growth and crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 51, 34-50.
17. Farrell, B. H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2004). Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of tourism research, 31(2), 274-295.
18. Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global environmental change, 16(3), 253-267.
19. Herman, A. (2015). Enchanting resilience: Relations of care and people–place connections in agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies, 42, 102-111.
20. Holladay, P. J., & Powell, R. B. (2013). Resident perceptions of social–ecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1188-1211.
21. Holling, C.S., Schindler, D.W., Walker, B.W. and Roughgarden, J. (1994). Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: An ecological primer and synthesis. In: Perrings, C, Maler, K.- G., Folke, C, Holling, C.S. and
22. Jansson, B.-O. eds. Biodiversity Loss: Ecological and Economic Issues. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, UK.
23. Hung, H. C., Yang, C. Y., Chien, C. Y., & Liu, Y. C. (2016). Building resilience: Mainstreaming community participation into integrated assessment of resilience to climatic hazards in metropolitan land use management. Land Use Policy, 50, 48-58.
24. Lambert, E., Hunter, C., Pierce, G. J., & MacLeod, C. D. (2010). Sustainable whale-watching tourism and climate change: towards a framework of resilience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 409-427.
25. Leap, B. (2018). Not a zero-sum game: inequalities and resilience in Sumner, Missouri, the Gooseless Goose Capital of the World. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(2), 288-308.
26. Lerch, D.,(2017). The Community Resilience Reader : Essential Resources for an Era of Upheaval, Berkeley : Island Press.
27. Lew, A. A. (2014). Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), 14-22.
28. Maclean, K., Cuthill, M., & Ross, H. (2014). Six attributes of social resilience. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(1), 144-156.
29. Munt, S. R. (2012). Journeys of resilience: The emotional geographies of refugee women. Gender, Place & Culture, 19(5), 555-577.
30. Orchiston, C., Prayag, G., & Brown, C. (2016). Organizational resilience in the tourism sector. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 145-148.
31. Perrings, C. (1998). Introduction: resilience and sustainability. Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 221-262.
32. Redman, C. L. and A. P. Kinzig. (2003). Resilience of past landscapes: resilience theory, society, and the longue durée. Conservation Ecology 7(1): 14. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss1/art14/
33. Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. (2011). Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: an approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador. Tourism Management, 32(3), 655-666.
34. Seçkin, Ş., & Hasanoğlu, A. (2016). Çocukta rezilyans (2. baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
35. Sterling, S. (2010). Learning for resilience, or the resilient learner? Towards a necessary reconciliation in a paradigm of sustainable education. Environmental Education Research, 16(5-6), 511-528.
36. Strickland-Munro, J. K., Allison, H. E., & Moore, S. A. (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 499-519.
37. Stokholm Rezilyans Araştırma Merkezi (2019), What is resilience? Erişim linki: https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2015-02-19-what-is-resilience.html (Erişim tarihi: 18 Kasım 2019)
38. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2006), Van Valiliği Çevre ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Van İli Çevre Durum Raporu. (2006), http://www.vanherbaryum.yyu.edu.tr/vanre/vilcdr.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 18 Kasım 2019)
39. Tobin, G. A. (1999). Sustainability and community resilience: the holy grail of hazards planning?. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 1(1), 13-25.
40. Tsao, C. Y., & Ni, C. C. (2016). Vulnerability, resilience, and the adaptive cycle in a crisis-prone tourism community. Tourism Geographies, 18(1), 80-105.
41. Tyrrell, T. J., & Johnston, R. J. (2008). Tourism sustainability, resiliency and dynamics: Towards a more comprehensive perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 14–24.
42. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourism highlights. 2019 Edition. Madrid: UNWTO, 2019. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152. (Erişim Tarihi 24 Eylül 2019).
43. VANTSO (2018), 2018 Edremit İlçe Raporu. http://www.vantso.org.tr/u/files/5-FMY3O71_5775.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 25 Eylül 2019)
44. Walker, B., Anderies, J., Kinzig, A., & Ryan, P. (2006). Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems through comparative studies and theory development: introduction to the special issue. Ecology and Society, 11(1).
45. Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecol. Society 9(2):5. http://www.ecolo- gyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5 (Erişim tarihi: 18 Eylül 2019).
46. Weichselgartner, J., & Kelman, I. (2015). Geographies of resilience: Challenges and opportunities of a descriptive concept. Progress in Human Geography, 39(3), 249-267.
47. Welsh M (2013) Resilience and responsibility: Governing uncertainty in a complex world. The Geographical Journal. doi: 10.1111/geoj.12012.
48. Wilson, G. A. (2013). Community resilience, social memory and the post-2010 Christchurch (N ew Z ealand) earthquakes. Area, 45(2), 207-215.
49. http://emlakansiklopedisi.com/wiki/toki-van-merkez-serefiye-basvurulari-bugun-basladi
50. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/e0/0c/9d/e00c9dcff533345d23e92cc29431b2bb.jpg
51. https://vanedremit.bel.tr/proje-5-mesire-alani.html
52. https://www.haberturk.com/van-haberleri/62053438-edremit-belediyesinden-ikinci-halk-plajivan-golunde-ilk-defa-parasailing-gosterisi
53. https://www.oncevatan.com.tr/yasam/deprem-konutlari-havadan-goruntulendi-h14063.html
54. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/van-edremitte-kamp-ve-karavan-merkezi-acildi-384843.html
55. https://www.yeniemlak.com/toki-van-edremit-projesi-kura-sonuclari-belli-oldu-18182-tokihttps://onedio.com/haber/kaymakamlik-gezginfest-van-a-izin-vermedi-huzur-icinde-duzenlenmesi-icin-gerekli-sartlar-saglanamadi-875437
56. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/edremit-sahilindeki-kacak-yapilara-safak-operas-40371313
57. https://www.haberler.com/edremit-sahilindeki-kacak-yapilara-safak-9284292-haberi/