Research Article

Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide

Number: 60 October 30, 2025
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Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide

Abstract

This study examines in detail the etymological origins, semantic meanings, conceptual frameworks and historical contexts of the expressions “Urugsırat” in Turkic Bengü Stones (Orkhun Inscriptions) and “Four Cutting” (四绝 / Sì Jué) in Mandarin Chinese. It also emphasizes their relationship with the modern concept of genocide. It is revealed that “Urugsırat” is linked to the systematic extermination of a community and the implementation of genocide-like policies in Ancient Turkic societies. It reflects not only physical extermination, but also strategies targeting the identity and future of a people. Similarly, the Mandarin Chinese expression “Four Cutting” refers to a comprehensive policy of extermination aimed at eliminating the biological existence (extinction), lineage, economic and social resources, and social structure of target groups. The study explores the relationship between these two expressions and the phenomenon of genocide through comparative linguistic and historical analysis. Both expressions reveal the historical continuity of genocide. Especially today, China’s policies towards Uyghur Turks and other Turkic communities in East Turkestan are considered as a modern implementation of the “Four Cutting”. Practices such as mass surveillance, concentration camps called re-education, forced birth control and cultural assimilation have been associated with the crime of genocide by scientific reports and academic studies. In this context, the study aims to illuminate the historical and contemporary genocide processes by emphasizing the similarities (goal of extinction) and differences (scope and implementation methods) of “Urugsırat” and “Four Cutting”.

Keywords

References

  1. Amnesty International. (2021). Like We Were Enemies in a War: China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang (Index: ASA 17/4137/2021).
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  4. Byler, D. T. (2018). Spirit breaking: Uyghur dispossession, culture work and terror capitalism in a Chinese global city (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington.
  5. Clauson, G. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkic. Clarendon Press.
  6. Cockayne, J. (2022). Making Xinjiang sanctions work: Addressing forced labour through coercive trade and finance measures. The University of Nottingham.
  7. Drompp, M. R. (2004). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire. Brill Academic Publishers.
  8. Dunoff, J. L.; Ratner, S. R. ve Wippman, D. (2006). International law: Norms, actors, process (2nd ed.). Aspen.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

South-East (Latest Uyghur/Uzbek) Turkic Dialects and Literatures

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 30, 2025

Submission Date

March 2, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Number: 60

APA
Eruygur, A. (2025). Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 60, 145-170. https://doi.org/10.24155/tdk.2025.258
AMA
1.Eruygur A. Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi. 2025;(60):145-170. doi:10.24155/tdk.2025.258
Chicago
Eruygur, Adilcan. 2025. “Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide”. Türk Dünyası Dil Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, nos. 60: 145-70. https://doi.org/10.24155/tdk.2025.258.
EndNote
Eruygur A (October 1, 2025) Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi 60 145–170.
IEEE
[1]A. Eruygur, “Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide”, Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, no. 60, pp. 145–170, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.24155/tdk.2025.258.
ISNAD
Eruygur, Adilcan. “Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide”. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi. 60 (October 1, 2025): 145-170. https://doi.org/10.24155/tdk.2025.258.
JAMA
1.Eruygur A. Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi. 2025;:145–170.
MLA
Eruygur, Adilcan. “Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide”. Türk Dünyası Dil Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, no. 60, Oct. 2025, pp. 145-70, doi:10.24155/tdk.2025.258.
Vancouver
1.Adilcan Eruygur. Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi. 2025 Oct. 1;(60):145-70. doi:10.24155/tdk.2025.258