Factors affecting and methods of reducing thermal stratification in cryogenic storage tanks of launch vehicles: Review article

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 5, 1585 - 1599, 21.10.2025

Krish V. Raibole Puskaraj D Sonawwanay

Abstract

Contemporary launch vehicles of the past few decades primarily implement liquid rocket engines, which in turn employ cryogenic propellants stored in sub-zero conditions in highly sophisticated cryogenic storage tanks. These tanks are usually deprived of any thermal insulation in order to prioritize the payload capacity, and thus they are prone to a substantial amount of heat influx that leads to a rise in the temperature of the cryogenic liquid, leading to thermal stratification. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various factors affecting the rate of thermal stratification in cryogenic propellant storage tanks, along with numerous experimental and numerical techniques developed for controlling or mitigating this stratification through geometrical modifications, varying surface properties, and bubbling of gases through the bulk liquid. Out of the techniques reviewed, simple geometrical modifications showed substantial results, with ribs reducing stratification by up to 30%. On the other hand, complex techniques like bubbling of gases destratified the bulk liquid within 25 to 35 s. A special focus has also been placed on reviewing the numerical modelling and simulations of this phenomenon, particularly those developed in recent years.

Keywords

Cryogenic Propellants , Launch Vehicles , Liquid Rocket Engines , Thermal Insulation , Thermal Stratification

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