Evolving from Supra-Detachment to Rift Basin in Rolling Hinge Model of the Büyük Menderes Graben

Abstract

Two types of basins developed in the Western Anatolian extensional tectonic system during the Miocene-Quaternary interval, supra-detachment and rift basins, in the form of a rolling-hinge mechanism. In this study, stratigraphic and structural data on the presence of a rolling-hinge model in the area between Buharkent-Buldan on the northern edge of the Büyük Menderes Graben are presented for the first time and the geological evolution of the graben is discussed. In the light of obtained field data, the Miocene-Quaternary sequences deposited on the northern edge of the Büyük Menderes Graben were evaluated under 4 main sedimentary packages, which are separated from each other by angular and/or intrabasinal unconformities. These are the Lower-Middle Miocene (1st Package) and the Middle-Upper Miocene (2nd Package) which were deposited in the supra-detachment basin, and the Plio- Quaternary 3rd and 4th packages formed in the rift basin. The structural elements that provide the basin formation and deformation of the region are the Miocene Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, the Pio-Quaternary Gökdere Fault, and the Holocene Buharkent Fault Segment that cuts the youngest graben basin-fill located in the most eastern part of the Büyük Menderes Fault System.

The main fault contacts of the supra-detachment basins characterizing the Miocene period are represented by a structural boundary of gneisses and schists belonging to the Menderes Massif, which is a relict of the effective compressional tectonic products of the Eocene–Oligocene interval.

Due to the effectiveness of low-angle faults in the Menderes Massif until the end of Pliocene, a high rate of extension occurred; because of this, the crust thickness was reduced. As a result of cooling of the crust during Quaternary, the supra-detachment basin system was replaced by a rift system and the Menderes Massif was divided into blocks along the high-angle boundary faults of the rift basin. Field observations and kinematic analysis reveal that tectonic structures on the northern margin of the Büyük Menderes Graben evolved from low-angle to high-angle normal faulting, and were rejuvenated southward parallel to the basin propagation in a rolling-hinge model. Thus, the basin formation also evolved from being supra-detachment to the rift type.

Keywords

• Supra-detachment basin,Rift basin,Rolling-hinge model,Büyük Menderes Graben,Western Anatolia

Büyük Menderes Grabeni'nin Rolling Hinge (Yuvarlanan Reze) Modelinde Supra-Detachment (Sıyrılma Üstü) Havzadan Rift Havzasına Evrimi

Abstract

Batı Anadolu genişlemeli tektonik sistemi içinde Miyosen-Kuvaterner zaman aralığında iki tip havza gelişimi gözlenmektedir. Bunlar rolling-hinge (yuvarlanan reze) modelinde gelişen supra-detachment (sıyrılma üstü) ve rift havzaları olarak tanımlanmışlardır. Bu çalışmada Büyük Menderes Grabeni kuzey kenarı üzerindeki Buharkent-Buldan arasındaki bölgede yuvarlanan reze modelinin varlığına dair stratigrafik ve yapısal veriler ilk kez sunulacak ve bu verilere göre grabenin jeolojik evrimi tartışılacaktır. Elde edilen arazi verileri ışığında, havza istifi birbirlerinden açısal ve/veya havza içi uyumsuzluklarla ayrılan 4 ana sedimanter paket altında değerlendirilmiştir. Bunlar; sıyrılma üstü (supra-detachment) havza istifini içeren alt-orta Miyosen yaşlı 1. Paket ve orta – üst Miyosen yaşlı 2. Paket ile rift havza istifini içeren Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı 3. ve 4. Paketlerdir. Bölgedeki havza gelişimini ve deformasyonunu sağlayan yapısal elemanlar ise, Miyosen yaşlı Büyük Menderes Sıyrılma (Detachment) Fayı, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı Gökdere Fayı ve en genç graben dolgusunu kesen Holosen yaşlı Büyük Menderes Fay Sistemi’nin en doğu bölümünü oluşturan Buharkent Fay Segmenti’dir.

Miyosen dönemini simgeleyen sıyrılma üstü havzaların ana sınırları Menderes Masifi’nde Eosen – Oligosen’deki etkin sıkışma tektoniğinin ürünü olan süreksizliklere karşılık gelen gnayslar ile şistlerin yapısal dokanağı ile temsil edilir. Pliyosen sonuna kadar süren düşük açılı sıyrılma fayların etkinliği nedeniyle Menderes Masifi’nde yüksek oranda genişleme gerçekleşmiş ve bu durum, kabuk kalınlığını azaltmıştır.

Kuvaterner’de kabuğun incelip soğuması sonucunda sıyrılma üstü havza sisteminin yerini rift havza sistemi alarak Menderes Masifi rift havzalarının yüksek-açılı sınır fayları boyunca bloklara bölünmüştür. Arazi gözlemleri ve kinematik analiz sonuçları, Büyük Menderes Grabeni kuzey kenarındaki yapısal elemanların düşük açılıdan yüksek açılıya doğru ilerleyerek değiştiğini, havzanın ilerleme yönüne paralel olarak güneye doğru yuvarlanan reze modeli (rolling-hinge) şeklinde gençleştiğini, havza oluşumunun da sıyrılma üstü havzadan rift havzasına doğru evrildiğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Supra-detachment (Sıyrılma üstü) havza,Rift havzası,Rolling-hing (yuvarlanan reze) modeli,Büyük Menderes Grabeni,Batı Anadolu

Thanks

Bu çalışma kapsamında yapılan arazi çalışmalarına katılan Dokuz Eylül ve Utrecht Üniversitesi ögrencileri İsmail Duran, Emre Kırhan ve Jannah De Roos’a teşekkür ederiz.

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