Research Article
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Year 2013, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 273 - 289, 01.03.2013

Abstract

References

  • Abeywardena, I. & Dhanarajan, G. (2012, April 23). OER in Asia Pacific: Trends and issues. Presentation material at the Policy Forum for Asia and the Pacific: Open
  • Education Resources Bangkok, Thailand. Aguillo, I. F., Bar-Ilan, J., Levene, M., & Ortega, J. L. (2010). Comparing university rankings. Scientometrics, 85, 243–256. doi: 10.1007/s11192-010-0190-z
  • Atkins, D. E., Brown, J. S., & Hammond, A. L. (2007). A review of the open educational resources (OER) movement: Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities. Report to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
  • Berge, Z., & Collins, M. (1995). Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom in distance learning. Computer-Mediated Communication Magazine, 2(4).
  • Caulfield, M. (2009, January 25). Openness as reuse, and openness as transparency.
  • Transcript (blog). Retrieved from http://mikecaulfield.com/2009/01/25/ openness- as-reuse-and-opennessas-transparency/
  • Cheifet, S. (2011). Ten years of OER in China: A legal and technical perspective.
  • Retrieved from http://www.slidefinder.net/t/technology_infrastructure_for_oer_ china/32741584
  • Churton, M.W. (2006). Principles of e-learning and on-line teaching. Jurnal Pendidikan
  • Terbuka dan Jarak Jauh, 7(1), pp. 15 – 33. Cortoos, N., & Reynolds, S. (2009). Report comparison European versus non-European virtual campus initiatives: Factors and issues influencing virtual campuses in different regions. Heverlee, Belgium: ReVica.
  • Daniel, J.S. (1995). The mega-universities and the knowledge media: Implications of new technologies for large distance teaching universities (Master Theses), Canada:
  • Concordia University. Retrieved from http://spectrum.library. concordia.ca/132 Daniel, J. S. (1998). Knowledge media for mega-universities: Scaling up new technology at the open university. A paper presented at Shanghai Open and Distance Education Symposium.
  • Daniel, J.S. (2003, November 7-9). Mega-universities = Mega-impact on access, cost and quality. Keynote address First Summit of Mega-universities, Shanghai, China.
  • Daniel, S. J. (2011, September 28-30). Transforming Asia through open and distance learning. Keynote address on Asian Association of Open Universities 25th Annual
  • Conference, Penang, Malaysia. Dholakia, U., King, J., Baraniuk, R. (2006). What makes and open education program sustainable? The case of Connexions. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/6/36781781.pdf
  • Downes, S. (2006) Models for sustainable open educational resources, National Research
  • Council Canada. Retrieved fromwww.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 3/5/36781698.pdf
  • Ghosh, S. B. & Das, A.K. (2006). Open access and institutional repositories – a developing country perspective: A case study of India. Paper delivered at World Library and Information Congress, Seoul, Korea. https://drtc.isibang.ac.in/ bitstream/handle/1849/272/157-Ghosh_Das-en.pdf?sequence=1
  • Habler, B. (2009, February 9-27). Access to open educational resources: Report of a
  • UNESCO OER community discussion. San Francisco, California: UNESCO International Community on Open Educational Resources. Håklev, S. (2010). The Chinese national top level courses project: Using open educational resources to promote quality in undergraduate teaching. Retrieved from https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/25651/6/Haklev_Stian_ 201011_ MA_thesis.pdf
  • Hylén, J. (2005). Open educational resources: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/37351085.pdf
  • Ishii, K., & Lutterbeck, B. (2001). Unexploited resources of online education for democracy—Why the future should belong to OpenCourseWare. First Monday, 6(11).
  • Jones, C. (2009a, August 3). Content analysis: A Practical approach. UXmatters.
  • Retrieved from http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/08/content-analysis- a- practical-approach.php/
  • Jones, C. (2009b, April 13). Toward content quality. UXmatters. Retrieved from http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/04/toward-content-quality.php/
  • Jung, I. (2007). Quality assurance survey of mega universities, in McIntosh, Ch. Ed.
  • Perspectives on distance education: Lifelong learning & distance higher education (pp. 79-96). Canada-France: Commonwealth of Learning/UNESCO Publishing. Kanwar. A. (2011, November 21). Can OER transform education? A developing world perspective. Paper Presented at the 2011 conference on Open Educational Resources in
  • Iceland. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/resources/speeches/ 2011presentation/pages/2011-11-21.aspx)
  • Kanwar, A., & Uvalic´-Trumbic, S. (Eds.). (2011). A basic guide to open educational resources (OER). Canada-France: Commonwealth of Learning-UNESCO
  • Leise, F. (2007, February 26). Content analysis heuristics. Boxes and arrows. Retrieved from http://boxesandarrows.com/view/content-analysis/
  • Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2009). National mission on education through information and communication technology: Mission document. India.
  • Moudgalya, K.M. (2009, July 1). National mission on education through ICT: Open source mission. Keynote Address at the Teacher Training Programme in Amravati, India.
  • Retrieved from http://www.scilab.org/content/download/486/5103/file/ keynote_ScilabTec.pdf
  • Murphy, D., Zhang, W., & Perris, K. (2003). Online learning in Asian open universities:
  • Resisting ‘content imperialism?’ Report for the Observatory on borderless higher education Woburn House. Retrieved fromwww.obhe.ac.uk/documents/ OECD. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources,
  • Retrieved fromhttp://tinyurl.com/62hjx6 Ortega, J.L., & Aguillo, I. (2009). Mapping world-class universities on the web.
  • Information Processing & Management, 2(45), pp. 272-279. Ozkul, A. E. (2001). Anadolu University distance education system from emergence to 21st century. The Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 2(1), pp. 15-31.
  • Pena, H. R. (2009). Higher education: The success and challenges in open education resources (OER). E-prints in Library and Information Science (E-LIS).
  • Peters, O. (2003). Distance education in transition: New trends and challenges.
  • Oldenburg: Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universität Oldenburg. Petrides, L., Nguyen, L., Jimes, C., & Karaglani, A. (2008). Open educational resources:
  • Inquiring into author use and reuse. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(2), pp. 98-117. Prudtikul, S. (1998). Library services at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. Paper presented at the AAOU ’98 – Asian Librarians’ Roundtable.
  • Safitri, H. (2011, October 2-5). The use open educational resources (OERs) to support the quality of learning teachers. Online proceeding at the 24 ICDE World Conference, Bali
  • Indonesia. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ut.ac.id/icde2011/
  • Stacey, P. (February 28, 2011).Evolution of an OER initiative: An eight year retrospective. Retrieved from http://edtechfrontier.com/2011/02/28/ evolution- of-an-oer-initiative-an-eight-year-retrospective/
  • Swan, A. (2012). Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access. France: UNESCO.
  • Taylor, J. (2007). Open courseware futures: Creating a parallel universe. e-JIST
  • (Electronic Journal of Instructional Scienceand Technology), 10(1), pp. 1-9. UNESCO. (2006, June 11–13). Open educational resources: Deliberations of a community of interest. ICDE SCOP, Lillehammer, Norway.
  • Veen, J. (2002, June 8). Doing a content inventory (or, a mind-numbingly detailed odyssey through your website). Adaptive path essays. Retrieved from http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/ doing-content-inventory/
  • Wikipedia. (2012a). Open educational resources. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources
  • Wikipedia. (2012b). List of largest universities by enrollment. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_by_enrollment
  • Wikipedia. (2012c). The China open resources for education. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_Resources_for_Education
  • Wiley, D. (2007). On the sustainability of open educational resource initiatives in higher education. Paper commissioned by the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) for the project on Open Educational Resources Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/33/9/38645447.pdf
  • Willems, J. (2005). Spanning the generations: Reflections on twenty years of maintaining momentum. 2005 conference proceedings: Balance, Fidelity, Mobility: maintaining the momentum? pp. 717—724.
  • Yuan, L., MacNeill, S., & Kraan, W. (2008). Open educational resources: opportunities and challenges for higher education. JISC CETIS. Retrieved from http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/images/ 0/0b/OER_Briefing_Paper.pdf/

OER On The Asian Mega Universities: 
Developments, Motives, Openness, And Sustainability

Year 2013, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 273 - 289, 01.03.2013

Abstract

The OER movement originated and integrated into ODE developments. Mega Universities (MUs) are among the most important of ODE providers worldwide should be to be the primary organizations for providing access to OER. So far, however, in-depth studies on OER developments in the Asian MUs were very limited. This study focuses on the developments, motives, openness, and sustainability of OER at the six MUs official websites in Asia. Data were collected for six months using the documentation techniques and analyzed using web content or textual analyze. Results of the study shown, that: Ø OER developments on the Asian MUs’ were an ongoing process, multiyear program, and developed into three characteristics: special projects or initiatives; uploading the existing learning resources collections on the Website; and by taken out-links to the centers of OER websites worldwide. Contents of OER are very rich, diverse in categories, forms, and organized integrally into ‘One Stop Window’. The OER materials have developed by university as well as by joined with various parties of internal and external universities. Ø OER developments are based on three motives: the altruistic motivation of sharing, ego-boost motivation, and combination of both. Ø The OER openness for use or reuse by others can be classified into five categories: openness in the public domain; openness under provision by any license; openness under guarantee by government Laws, policies, missions or visions; openness under guarantee by universities policies, missions or visions; and openness because it was developed as a special initiative of the universities. Ø Sustainability models that have been used by MUs to makes OER become viable, and stable for the long-term are institutional, governmental, workflow, user-centered, wiki, and social software models.

References

  • Abeywardena, I. & Dhanarajan, G. (2012, April 23). OER in Asia Pacific: Trends and issues. Presentation material at the Policy Forum for Asia and the Pacific: Open
  • Education Resources Bangkok, Thailand. Aguillo, I. F., Bar-Ilan, J., Levene, M., & Ortega, J. L. (2010). Comparing university rankings. Scientometrics, 85, 243–256. doi: 10.1007/s11192-010-0190-z
  • Atkins, D. E., Brown, J. S., & Hammond, A. L. (2007). A review of the open educational resources (OER) movement: Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities. Report to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
  • Berge, Z., & Collins, M. (1995). Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom in distance learning. Computer-Mediated Communication Magazine, 2(4).
  • Caulfield, M. (2009, January 25). Openness as reuse, and openness as transparency.
  • Transcript (blog). Retrieved from http://mikecaulfield.com/2009/01/25/ openness- as-reuse-and-opennessas-transparency/
  • Cheifet, S. (2011). Ten years of OER in China: A legal and technical perspective.
  • Retrieved from http://www.slidefinder.net/t/technology_infrastructure_for_oer_ china/32741584
  • Churton, M.W. (2006). Principles of e-learning and on-line teaching. Jurnal Pendidikan
  • Terbuka dan Jarak Jauh, 7(1), pp. 15 – 33. Cortoos, N., & Reynolds, S. (2009). Report comparison European versus non-European virtual campus initiatives: Factors and issues influencing virtual campuses in different regions. Heverlee, Belgium: ReVica.
  • Daniel, J.S. (1995). The mega-universities and the knowledge media: Implications of new technologies for large distance teaching universities (Master Theses), Canada:
  • Concordia University. Retrieved from http://spectrum.library. concordia.ca/132 Daniel, J. S. (1998). Knowledge media for mega-universities: Scaling up new technology at the open university. A paper presented at Shanghai Open and Distance Education Symposium.
  • Daniel, J.S. (2003, November 7-9). Mega-universities = Mega-impact on access, cost and quality. Keynote address First Summit of Mega-universities, Shanghai, China.
  • Daniel, S. J. (2011, September 28-30). Transforming Asia through open and distance learning. Keynote address on Asian Association of Open Universities 25th Annual
  • Conference, Penang, Malaysia. Dholakia, U., King, J., Baraniuk, R. (2006). What makes and open education program sustainable? The case of Connexions. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/6/36781781.pdf
  • Downes, S. (2006) Models for sustainable open educational resources, National Research
  • Council Canada. Retrieved fromwww.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 3/5/36781698.pdf
  • Ghosh, S. B. & Das, A.K. (2006). Open access and institutional repositories – a developing country perspective: A case study of India. Paper delivered at World Library and Information Congress, Seoul, Korea. https://drtc.isibang.ac.in/ bitstream/handle/1849/272/157-Ghosh_Das-en.pdf?sequence=1
  • Habler, B. (2009, February 9-27). Access to open educational resources: Report of a
  • UNESCO OER community discussion. San Francisco, California: UNESCO International Community on Open Educational Resources. Håklev, S. (2010). The Chinese national top level courses project: Using open educational resources to promote quality in undergraduate teaching. Retrieved from https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/25651/6/Haklev_Stian_ 201011_ MA_thesis.pdf
  • Hylén, J. (2005). Open educational resources: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/37351085.pdf
  • Ishii, K., & Lutterbeck, B. (2001). Unexploited resources of online education for democracy—Why the future should belong to OpenCourseWare. First Monday, 6(11).
  • Jones, C. (2009a, August 3). Content analysis: A Practical approach. UXmatters.
  • Retrieved from http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/08/content-analysis- a- practical-approach.php/
  • Jones, C. (2009b, April 13). Toward content quality. UXmatters. Retrieved from http://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2009/04/toward-content-quality.php/
  • Jung, I. (2007). Quality assurance survey of mega universities, in McIntosh, Ch. Ed.
  • Perspectives on distance education: Lifelong learning & distance higher education (pp. 79-96). Canada-France: Commonwealth of Learning/UNESCO Publishing. Kanwar. A. (2011, November 21). Can OER transform education? A developing world perspective. Paper Presented at the 2011 conference on Open Educational Resources in
  • Iceland. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/resources/speeches/ 2011presentation/pages/2011-11-21.aspx)
  • Kanwar, A., & Uvalic´-Trumbic, S. (Eds.). (2011). A basic guide to open educational resources (OER). Canada-France: Commonwealth of Learning-UNESCO
  • Leise, F. (2007, February 26). Content analysis heuristics. Boxes and arrows. Retrieved from http://boxesandarrows.com/view/content-analysis/
  • Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2009). National mission on education through information and communication technology: Mission document. India.
  • Moudgalya, K.M. (2009, July 1). National mission on education through ICT: Open source mission. Keynote Address at the Teacher Training Programme in Amravati, India.
  • Retrieved from http://www.scilab.org/content/download/486/5103/file/ keynote_ScilabTec.pdf
  • Murphy, D., Zhang, W., & Perris, K. (2003). Online learning in Asian open universities:
  • Resisting ‘content imperialism?’ Report for the Observatory on borderless higher education Woburn House. Retrieved fromwww.obhe.ac.uk/documents/ OECD. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources,
  • Retrieved fromhttp://tinyurl.com/62hjx6 Ortega, J.L., & Aguillo, I. (2009). Mapping world-class universities on the web.
  • Information Processing & Management, 2(45), pp. 272-279. Ozkul, A. E. (2001). Anadolu University distance education system from emergence to 21st century. The Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 2(1), pp. 15-31.
  • Pena, H. R. (2009). Higher education: The success and challenges in open education resources (OER). E-prints in Library and Information Science (E-LIS).
  • Peters, O. (2003). Distance education in transition: New trends and challenges.
  • Oldenburg: Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universität Oldenburg. Petrides, L., Nguyen, L., Jimes, C., & Karaglani, A. (2008). Open educational resources:
  • Inquiring into author use and reuse. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 1(2), pp. 98-117. Prudtikul, S. (1998). Library services at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. Paper presented at the AAOU ’98 – Asian Librarians’ Roundtable.
  • Safitri, H. (2011, October 2-5). The use open educational resources (OERs) to support the quality of learning teachers. Online proceeding at the 24 ICDE World Conference, Bali
  • Indonesia. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ut.ac.id/icde2011/
  • Stacey, P. (February 28, 2011).Evolution of an OER initiative: An eight year retrospective. Retrieved from http://edtechfrontier.com/2011/02/28/ evolution- of-an-oer-initiative-an-eight-year-retrospective/
  • Swan, A. (2012). Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access. France: UNESCO.
  • Taylor, J. (2007). Open courseware futures: Creating a parallel universe. e-JIST
  • (Electronic Journal of Instructional Scienceand Technology), 10(1), pp. 1-9. UNESCO. (2006, June 11–13). Open educational resources: Deliberations of a community of interest. ICDE SCOP, Lillehammer, Norway.
  • Veen, J. (2002, June 8). Doing a content inventory (or, a mind-numbingly detailed odyssey through your website). Adaptive path essays. Retrieved from http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/ doing-content-inventory/
  • Wikipedia. (2012a). Open educational resources. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources
  • Wikipedia. (2012b). List of largest universities by enrollment. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_by_enrollment
  • Wikipedia. (2012c). The China open resources for education. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_Resources_for_Education
  • Wiley, D. (2007). On the sustainability of open educational resource initiatives in higher education. Paper commissioned by the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) for the project on Open Educational Resources Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/33/9/38645447.pdf
  • Willems, J. (2005). Spanning the generations: Reflections on twenty years of maintaining momentum. 2005 conference proceedings: Balance, Fidelity, Mobility: maintaining the momentum? pp. 717—724.
  • Yuan, L., MacNeill, S., & Kraan, W. (2008). Open educational resources: opportunities and challenges for higher education. JISC CETIS. Retrieved from http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/images/ 0/0b/OER_Briefing_Paper.pdf/
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mohammad Imam Farısı This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2013
Submission Date February 27, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Farısı, M. I. (2013). OER On The Asian Mega Universities: 
Developments, Motives, Openness, And Sustainability. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 14(1), 273-289.