Başarılı Yaşlanma Sürecinde Bazı Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar

Year 2023, , 235 - 255, 30.12.2023

Dilek Bal Koçak

https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1359721

Abstract

Bu çalışmada yaşlılığın kendisi ile getirdiği fiziksel, kronolojik ve ruhsal anlamda bireylerin yaşlanma süreci üzerine durulmuştur. Bu olgunlaşma sürecinde, yaşlılığın ruhsal anlamda mutlu, huzurlu ve başarılı bir dönemden oluşmasına katkı sağlamak için bilim insanları ortaya farklı teoriler atmışlardır. Batı dünyasında Gerontologlar psiko-sosyal modeller ve kuramlar üzerine çalışmalar yürüterek, yaşlı bireylerin mutluluğu, refahı ve sağlığı için, dolayısı ile başarılı yaşlanmanın sağlanması üzerine çalışmalar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Başarılı yaşlanma üzerine kuramlara yer verilerek farklı teorilerden bakış açısı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada başarılı yaşlanma ile yakından alakalı görülen kuram çalışmaları şu şekildedir: Havighurst tarafından geliştirilen “Aktivite Kuramı; Cumming & Henry tarafından geliştirilen “Ayrılma-Kopma Kuramı”; Baltes ve Baltes tarafından geliştirilen “Seçme, Optimizasyon ve Ödünleme kuramı” ve Cartens tarafından geliştirilen “Sosyo- Duygusal Seçicilik kuramı”. Bu çalışma, Batı’da yaşlı bilim çerçevesinde geniş ilgi uyandıran teorileri sunarak, konuyu Türk bilim camiasına kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Din Psikolojisi, Başarılı Yaşlanmak, Aktivite kuramı, Ayrılma-kopma kuramı, Seçme Optimizasyon ve Ödünleme kuramı, Sosyo-duygusal seçicilik kuramı.

Some Theoretical Approaches in Successful Aging Process

Abstract

In this study, the focus is on the aging process in humans in the physical, chronological and psychological sense that aging brings with it. In this process of maturation, scholars have developed various theories to help shape a happy, peaceful, and prosperous age in a spiritual sense. In the Western world, gerontologists have conducted studies on psychosocial models and theories of older people's happiness, well-being, and health, and thus of successful aging. Provide theories by incorporating theories of successful aging. Theoretical studies closely linked to successful aging in the study are as follows: Activity Theory developed by Havighurst; "Disengagement Theory" developed by Cumming & Henry; "Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)" developed by Baltes and Baltes and "Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST)" developed by Cartens. This study intends to bring the subject to the Turkish scientific community by introducing the theories that arouse wide interest within the framework of the science of the elderly in the West.

Keywords

Religious Psychology, Successful Aging, Activity Theory, Disengagement Theory, Selective Optimization With Compensation, Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.

References

• Aartsen, M. T., van Tilburg, T., Smits, C. H. M. & Knipscheer, K. C. P. M. (2004). A longitudinal study of the impact of physical and cognitive decline on the personal network in old age. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21 (2), 249-266.
• Achenbaum, A. W. & Bengtson, V. L. (1994). Re-engaging the disengagement theory of aging: on the history and assessment of theory development in gerontology. The Gerontologist, 34(6), 756-763.
• Ajrouch, K. J., Akiyama, H. & Antonucci, T. C. (2007). Cohort Differences in Social Relations among the Elderly. 43-63, içinde: Wahl, H.-W., Tesch-Römer, C., Hoff, A. (Eds.), New Dynamics in Old Age. Individual, Environmental and Societal Perspectives. Amytyville. New York: Baywood Publishing Company.
• Baars, J. (2006). Het nieuwe ouder worden. Paradoxen en perspectieven van leven in de tijd (Amsterdam: SWP).
• Baltes, P.B. & Baltes, M.M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful ageing: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P.B. Baltes, M.M. Baltes & (Ed.), Successful ageing: Perspectives from the behavioural sciences, 1-34. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
• Bajor, J. K. & Baltes, B. B. (2002). The relationship between selection optimization with compensation, conscientiousness, motivation, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 347-369.
• Brandtstädter, J. & Rothermund, K. (2002). The life-course dynamics of goal pursuit and goal adjustment: A two- process framework. Developmental Review, 22, 117-150.
• Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and aging, 7(3), 331-338.
• Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151-156.
• Crowther, M.R.; Parker, M.W.; Achenbaum, W.A.; Larimore, W.L.; Koenig, H.G. (2002). Rowe and Kahn’s Model of Successful Aging Revisited: Positive Spirituality-The Forgotten Factor. Gerontologist, 42, 613-620.
• Cumming, E., Dean, L. R., Newell, D. S. & McCaffrey, I. (1960). Disengagement- A tentative theory of aging. Sociometry, 23(1), 23-35.
• Cumming, E. & Henry, W.E. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. New York: Basic Books.
• Debats, D.L. (2000). An Inquiry into Existential Meaning: Theoretical, Clinical, and Personal Perspectives. In: G.T. Reker, K. Chamberlain (eds.), Exploring Existential Meaning. Optimizing Human Development Across the Life Span, 93-106, Sage Publications, London 2000.
• Dohmen, J., Lange & F. de (red.) (2006). Moderne levens lopen niet vanzelf. Uitgeverij SWP Amsterdam, 212- 228.
• Dowd, J. J. (1975). Aging as exchange: a preface to theory. Journal of Gerontology, 30(5), 584-594.
• Dupuis S L, Smale B. J. (1995). An examination of relationship between psychological well-being and depression and leisure activity participation among older adults. Society and Leisure, 1867-92.
• Duyan, V., & Gelbal, S. (2013). Yaşlılara yönelik tutum ölçeği’nin bir grup üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde Türkçe ye uyarlama çalışması. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 16(2): 202-209.
• Edmondson, D.; Park, C.L.; Blank, T.O.; Fenster, J.R. (2008). Deconstructing spiritual well-being: Existential well- being and HRQOL in cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 161-169.
• Faber, M. von (2002). Maten van succes bij ouderen. Rotterdam: Optima Grafische Communicatie.
• Featherstone, M., Hepworth, N. (1996). Images of positive ageing. A case study of Retirement Choice Magazine. In Images of Aging. Cultural Representations of Later Life; Featherstone. M., Wernick, A., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 29-48.
• Fung, H. H., Carstensen, L. L. & Lang, F. R. (2001). Age-related patterns in social networks among European Americans and African Americans: implications for socioemotional selectivity across the life span. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52(3), 185-206.
• George, L.K.; Kinghorn, W.A.; Koenig, H.G.; Gammon, P.; Blazer, D.G. (2013). Why gerontologists should care about empirical research on religion and health: Transdisciplinary perspectives. Gerontologist, 53, 898-906.
• Gilleard, C.; Higgs, P. (2009). Aging without agency: Theorizing the fourth age. Aging Ment. Health, 14, 121- 128.
• Havighurst, R. J. & Albrecht, R. (1953). Older people. New York: Longmans, Green.
• Havighurst RJ. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 1, 8- 13.
• Havighurst, R.J. (1963). Successful aging. In Williams, R.H., Tibbits, C. & Donahue, W. (eds), Processes of aging: Social and psychological perspectives. Vol.1. New York: Atherton Press, 299-320.
• Herzog A R, Franks M M, Markus H R, Holmberg D. (1998). Activities and well-being in older age: Effects of self- concept and educational attainment. Psychol Aging, 13179-185.
• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd. ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Huber, M., Van Vliet, M., Giezenberg, M., Winkens, B., Heerkens, Y., Dagnelie, P. C., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2016). Towards a ‘patient-centred’ Operationalisation of the new dynamic concept of health: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open, 5: e010091.
• Kalınkara, V. (2011). Temel Gerontoloji Yaşlılık Bilimi. Ankara: Nobel Yay.
• Keith, J, Fry, C.L., Ikels C. (1990). Community as context for successful aging. In: Sokolovsky J, editor. The cultural context of aging: world-wide perspectives. New York: Bergin & Garvey; 245- 61.
• Koenig, H. G., Larson, D. B., Matthews, D. A. (1996). Religion and psychotherapy with older adults. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 155- 184.
• Komba, M. M., and Lwoga, E. T. (2020). Systematic Review as a Research Method in Library and Information Science. In Handbook of Research on Connecting Research Methods for Information Science Research, IGI Global, 80- 94.
• Kristeller, J.; Sheets, V.; Johnson, T.; Frank, B. (2011). Understanding religious and spiritual influences on adjustment to cancer: Individual patterns and differences. J. Behav. Med., 6, 550- 561.
• Kutsal, Y.G. (2007). Yaşlanan dünyanın yaşlanan insanları. Yaşlılıkta Kaliteli Yaşam içinde. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Geriatrik Bilimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (GEBAM), Ankara.
• Lang, F. R. (2000). Endings and continuity of social relationships: maximizing intrinsic benefits within personal networks when feeling near to death. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(2), 155- 182.
• Ministerie van Volksgezondheid Welzijn en Sport (2011). Gezond ouder worden in Nederland. Den Haag: Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
• Moody, H. R. (2002). A life course perspective on aging. 289-316, In Moody, H. R. (Ed.), Aging: concepts and controversies. California: Thousand Oaks.
• Musick, M. A, Traphagen, J. W., Koenig, H.G., Larson, D. B. (2000). Spirituality in Physical Health and Aging. Journal of Adult Development, 7, 73-86.
• Ormel, J., Lindenberg, S.M., Steverink, B.J.M. & Verbrugge, L.M. (1996). Welbevinden en de theorie van de sociale produktiefuncties. In G.I.J.M. Kempen & J. Ormel (eds.), Dagelijks functioneren van ouderen, 117-135. Assen: Van Gorcum.
• Pieper, J., Uden M. Van (2005). Religie en coping in de geestelijke gezondheidszorg. Gedrag & Gezondheid, 33/3, 144-153.
• Prinsen, C. A. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2019). Measuring positive health: For now, a bridge too far. Public Health, 170, 70-77.
• Rowe, J.W. & Kahn, R.L. (1987). Human aging: usual and successful. Science, 237 (4811), 143-149.
• Rowe, J.W.; Kahn, R.L. (1997). Successful aging. Gerontology, 37, 433-440.
• Sadler, E.; Biggs, S. (2006). Exploring the links between spirituality and ‘successful ageing’. J. Soc. Work Pract. 20, 267-280.
• Steverink, N. (1996). Succesvol ouder worden, een productiefunctie benadering. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidswetenschappen, 2, 29-34.
• Steverink, N. (2002). Sociale relaties van ouderen. In: Handboek Psychologie van de Volwassen Ontwikkeling en Veroudering. Schroots, J. J. F. (ed.). Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 413- 432.
• Steverink, N. (2009). Gelukkig en gezond ouder worden: welbevinden hulpbronnen en zelfmanagementvaardigheden. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologische Geriatrie, 40, 244-252.
• Stock, J.; Schofield, P.; Docking, R.E. (2017). What is Positive Ageing? In International Handbook of Positive Ageing; Docking. R.E., Stock, J., Eds.; Routledge: Oxford, UK, 5- 15.
• Tufan, İ. (2016). Antik Çağ’dan günümüze yaşlılık ve yaşlanma. Ankara: Nobel.
• Tufan, İ. (2018). Gerontolojik Söyleşiler, Ankara: Nobel.
• Van Tilburg, T.G., Aartsen, M.J. & Knipscheer, C.P.M. (2000). Gevolgen van veranderingen in fysiek functioneren voor het persoonlijk relatienetwerk bij het ouder worden [Effects of a change in physical Capacity on the personal network among older adults]. Tijdschrift Voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 31, 190-197.
• Van Tilburg, T.G. (2005). Gesloten uitbreiding. Sociaal kapitaal in de derde en de vierde levensfase. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.
• Westerhof, G. ve Bohlmeijer, E. (2010). Psychologie van de levenskunst. Amsterdam.
• Williams, R.H. & Wirths, C.G. (1965). Lives through the years: Styles of life and successful aging. New York: Atherton Press.
• Wong, P. T. P., Fry, P. S. (eds.) (1998). The Human Quest For Meaning: A Handbook of Psychological Research and Clinical Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Woodhouse, K. W., Wynne, H., Baillie, S., James, O. F. W., & Rawlins, M. D. (1988). Who are the Frail Elderly? Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 68 (225).
• Yener, S. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde kuramın rolü. Social Sciences Research Journal, 7, 102-113.