From the beginning of 16th century, in Turkestan, political structures whose rulers were the descendants of Chinggis Qaghan and Muslim, and whose population was Turkish and Muslim had emerged. These states, called Turkestan Khanates and their rulers as khan, in supplying their legitimacy, on the one hand they stress to be the descendants of Chinggis Qaghan, on the other hand, to keep the Muslim people on their side they have given importance to the Islamic discourse. The historical records of khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, Khoqand and Kazakh which were established in the Western Turkestan and invaded by Russia from the second quarter of the 18th century, and Yarkend Khanate and Khojas State which * Doç. Dr., Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü. E-posta: bcelik@sakarya.edu.tr were established in Eastern Turkestan and invaded by China from the second half of the 18th century will be the subject of this paper. The great part of the sources is not studied and their language is largely in Persian, a minority is in Turkish. Majority of works have been focused on political issues, while less space is given to the economic and social events. Values of the society the historiographers live in were affected them. Thus, the phrases, especially in Islamic discourse, are remarkable. Analyzing works, sometimes probably due to political weakness and the absence of historiographers, the historical events were recorded by the rulers and they undertook the job itself. To the sources it was started by the creation of the world, or by the reigning dynasty up to the time of the author, or dedicated these works to the biography of a monarch. Thus, the tradition of Islamic historiography has an intense effect on them. In this article, some basic characteristics, given above, of the tradition of historiography of the Turkestan Khanates, will be focused.
XVI. yüzyılın başından itibaren Türkistan bölgesinde, yöneticileri Cengiz Kağan soyundan ve Müslüman olan, halkı ise ekseriyeti Türk ve Müslüman olan parçalı siyasi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkistan Hanlıkları olarak isimlendirilen bu devletler bütün bölgeye hâkim olabilecek bir konuma erişemedikleri gibi, biri diğeri üzerinde kesin ve uzun süreli bir hâkimiyet kuramamıştır. Hanlıkların başında bulunan ve han olarak isimlendirilen hükümdarlar, kendi meşruiyetlerini temin konusunda bir yandan Cengiz Kağan soyundan olduklarını vurgularlarken, bir yandan da Müslüman halkı kendi yanlarında tutabilmek için İslami söylemlere önem vermişlerdir. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren Rus işgaline uğrayan Batı Türkistan’da kurulan Buhara, Hive, Hokand ve Kazak Hanlıklarının yanı sıra, XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Çin işgaline uğrayan Doğu Türkistan’da varlık göstermiş olan Yarkend Hanlığı ile Hocalar Devleti’nin tarih kayıtları bu tebliğin konusu olacaktır.
Vakayiname, biyografi, coğrafya, menakıpname gibi alanlarda verilen eserlerin çok büyük bir kısmı çevrilmemiş durumda olup onların yazım dili büyük oranda Farsça, az bir kısmı Türkçedir. Türkçe olarak kaleme alınan eserlerin sayısı az olsa da bu eserler dil ve üslup yönünden dönemin gelişmişlik düzeyini yansıtabilecek durumdadırlar. Eserlerin büyük bir kısmında siyasi meselelere odaklanılmış iken, iktisadi ve toplumsal hadiselere daha az yer verilmiştir. İçinde yaşadıkları toplumun değer yargıları bu tarihî eserleri kaleme alanları etkilemiştir. Bu yüzden ifadelerde özellikle İslami söylem dikkat çekicidir. Eserler incelendiğinde kimi zaman muhtemelen siyasi zayıflık nedeniyle tarihî hadiseleri kayda geçirecek kimse olmayınca bu işi bizzat hükümdarlar üstlenmişlerdir. Eserlere ya dünyanın yaratılışı ve ilk peygamberle, ya hüküm süren hanedanla başlanarak olaylar müellifin zamanına kadar getirilmiş, ya da bu eserler ithaf edilen hükümdarın biyografisi şeklinde kaleme alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla İslam tarih yazıcılık geleneğinin yoğun bir etkisinin olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu tebliğde Türkistan Hanlıklarında yukarıda bazı temel özellikleri verilen tarih yazıcılığı geleneği üzerinde durulacak, örnekler üzerinden bu kaynakların temel nitelikleri, ortaya koyduğu bilgi çeşitliliği, yazım ve üslup özellikleri gibi hususlara dikkat çekilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkistan Hanlıkları, Cengiz Kağan, Tarih Yazıcılığı, Vakayiname, Rus İşgali
HISTORIOGRAPHY in the TURKESTAN KHANATES BEFORE THEIR OCCUPATION
Abstract: From the beginning of 16th century, in Turkestan, political structures whose rulers were the descendants of Chinggis Qaghan and Muslim, and whose population was Turkish and Muslim had emerged. These states, called Turkestan Khanates and their rulers as khan, in supplying their legitimacy, on the one hand they stress to be the descendants of Chinggis Qaghan, on the other hand, to keep the Muslim people on their side they have given importance to the Islamic discourse. The historical records of khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, Khoqand and Kazakh which were established in the Western Turkestan and invaded by Russia from the second quarter of the 18th century, and Yarkend Khanate and Khojas State which were established in Eastern Turkestan and invaded by China from the second half of the 18th century will be the subject of this paper.
The great part of the sources is not studied and their language is largely in Persian, a minority is in Turkish. Majority of works have been focused on political issues, while less space is given to the economic and social events. Values of the society the historiographers live in were affected them. Thus, the phrases, especially in Islamic discourse, are remarkable. Analyzing works, sometimes probably due to political weakness and the absence of historiographers, the historical events were recorded by the rulers and they undertook the job itself. To the sources it was started by the creation of the world, or by the reigning dynasty up to the time of the author, or dedicated these works to the biography of a monarch. Thus, the tradition of Islamic historiography has an intense effect on them. In this article, some basic characteristics, given above, of the tradition of historiography of the Turkestan Khanates, will be focused.
Keywords: Turkestan Khanates, Chinggis Qaghan, Historiography, Chronicle, Russian Occupation
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Research & Theoretical Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | August 9, 2014 |
Submission Date | August 9, 2014 |
Published in Issue | Year 2014 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 |
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