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A New Crop for Salt Affected and Dry Agricultural Areas of Turkey: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Year 2014, Volume: 1 Issue: Özel Sayı-2, 1440 - 1446, 01.03.2014

Abstract

Drought and salinity are two widespread environmental problems induced by climate change and improper applications in agriculture and have important adverse effects on agricultural production. To sustain crop production in such areas for food security, cultivating new crops that can growth under these unfavorable conditions is one of the measures. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an annual grain plant originated from the Andean region of South America. This plant has potential to be an alternative crop for arid and salt affected agricultural lands or poor soils with its ability to tolerate various abiotic stress factors and adaptability to different environmental conditions. Its high gluten free nutritional component is another characteristic that makes quinoa an important crop for human diets. In this study, quinoa was introduced as a new crop for Turkey and cultivation possibilities of quinoa in arid and salt affected areas of the country was evaluated in the light of the research carried out in Cukurova University between the years of 2009 and 2012. According to this research results quinoa could cope with high salinity in the root zone up to 40 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, which many other crops couldn’t tolerate this salinity level. In conclusion, quinoa may be suggested as an alternative crop for marginal agricultural areas thanks to its stress tolerant characteristic, adaptability to different agroenvironmental conditions with its various cultivars can be grown from sea level to highlands, nutritional component and economic value

References

  • Alvarez-Jubete, L., Arendt, E. K. and Gallagher E., 2010. Nutritive value of pseudocereals and their increasing use as functional gluten-free ingredients. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21: 106-113.
  • Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Ohri, D., 2006. Chenopodium quinoa-an Indian perspective. Industrial Crops and Products, 23: 73-87.
  • Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Ohri, D., 2007. Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crop Research, 101: 104-116.
  • Bosque Sanchez, H., Lemeur, R., Van Damme P., Jacobsen, S-E., analysis of drought and salinity stress of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International, 19: 111-119.
  • Cocozza, C., Pulvento, C., Lavini, A., Riccardi, M., d’Andria R., Tognetti, R., 2012. Effects of increasing salinity stress and decreasing water availability on ecophysiological traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 199: 229-240.
  • FAO, 1994. Neglected crops 1492 from a different perspective. FAO Plant Production and Protection http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/t0646e/t0 646e.pdf No:26, Rome.
  • FAO, 2011. Quinoa: An ancient crop to contribute to world food security. FAO Regional Office for Latin http://www.fao.org/alc/file/media/pubs/20 11/cultivo_quinua_en.pdf the Caribbean.
  • FAO, 2013. Food outlook biannual report on global food http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/al999e/al9 99e.pdf 0251-1959.
  • FAO, 2014. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures-AQUASTAT http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/cou ntries_regions/tur/TUR-CP_eng.pdf
  • Fuentes, F.F, Martinez, E.A., Hinrichsen P.V., Jellen, E.N., Maughan, P.J., 2009. Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers. Conservation Genetics, 10: 369- 377.
  • Garcia, M., Raes, D., Jacobsen, S.-E., 2003. Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Bolivivan highlands. Agricultural Water Management, 60: 119- 134
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia M., Condori, O., Mamani, J., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Taboada, C., Yucra, E., Vacher, J., 2008a. Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano? Agricultural Water Management, 95: 909- 917.
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Vacher, J., Mamani, R., Mendoza, J., Huanca, R., Morales, B., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Taboada, C., 2008b. Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Agronomy, 28: 427–436. Journal of
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Taboada, C., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Mhizha, T., Vacher, J., 2009. Modeling the potential for closing quinoa yield gaps under varying water availibility in the Bolivian Altiplano. Agricultural Water Management, 96: 1652- 1658.
  • Giorgi F., Lionello P., 2008. Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change, 63: 90-104
  • Gómez-Pando, L. R., Alvarez-Castro, R., Eguiluz-de la Barra, A., 2010. Effect of salt stress on Peruvian quinoa Willd.: a promising crop. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 196: 391–396.
  • González, J.A., Prado, F.E., 1992. Germination in relation to salinity and temperature in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Agrochimica, 36: 101-108.
  • Hirich, A., Choukr-Allah, R., Jacobsen, S–E., 2014. Deficit irrigation and organic compost improve growth and yield of quinoa and pea. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200 (5):390-398.
  • Jensen, C.R., Jacobsen, S.E., Andersen, M.N., Nşñez, N. S., Andersen, D., Rasmussen, L., Mogensen, V. O., 2000. Leaf gas exchange and water relation characteristics of field quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) during soil drying. European Journal of Agronomy, 13: 11-25.
  • Jacobsen, S.-E., Jİrgensen, I., Stİlen, O., 1994. Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under temperate climatic conditions in Denmark. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 122: 47-52.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., 2003. The worldwide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International, 19: 167–177.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., Mujica, A., Jensen C.R., 2003. The resistance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to adverse abiotic factors. Food Reviews International, 19: 99–109.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., Jensen C.R., Lui, F., 2012. Improving crop production in the Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research, 128: 34-47.
  • Koyro, H-W., Eisa, S.S., 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Soil, 302:79–90
  • Lavini, A., Pulvento, C., d’Andria, R., Riccardi, M., Choukr-Allah, R., Belhabib, O., Yazar, A., Ince Kaya, Ç., Sezen, S. M., Qadir, M., Jacobsen, S.-E., 2014. Quinoa’s potential in the Mediterranean Region. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200 (5):344-360.
  • Martinez, E.A., Veas, E., Jorquera, C., San Martin, R., Jara, P., 2009. Re-introduction of quinoa into arid Chile: Cultivation of two lowland races under extremely low irrigation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195:1-10.
  • Oelke, E. A., Putnam, D. H., Teynor, T.M., Oplinger, E. S., 1992. Alternative field crops manual. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afc m/quinoa.html
  • Pulvento, C., Riccardi, M., Lavini A., D’andria, R., Iafelice, G., Marconi, E., 2010. Field trial evaluation of two Chenopodium quinoa’s genotypes grown in rainfed conditions in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197:407-411.
  • Razzaghi, F., Plauborg F., Jacobsen S.-E., Jensen C. R., Andersen M. N., 2011a. Effect of nitrogen and water availability of three soil types on yield, evapotranspiration in field-grown quinoa. Agricultural Water Management, 109: 20– 29. efficiency and
  • Razzaghi, F., Ahmadi, S. H., Adolf, V. I., Jensen, C. R., Jacobsen, S.-E., Andersen, M. N., 2011b. Water relations and transpiration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salinity and soil drying. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197:348-360.
  • Razzaghi, F., Ahmadi, S. H., Jacobsen, S.-E., Jensen, C. R., Andersen, M. N., 2012. Effects of salinity and soil-drying on radiation use efficiency, water productivity and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 198: 173- 184.
  • Rengasamy, P. 2010. Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils. Functional Plant Biology, 37: 613-620.
  • Ruiz, K.B., Biondi, S., Oses, R., Acuña-Rodríguez, I.S., Antognoni, F., Martinez-Mosqueira, E.A., Coulibaly, A., Canahua-Murillo, A., Pinto, M., Zurita-Silva, A., Bazile D., Jacobsen S.E., Molina- Montenegro, M. A., 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34 (2): 349-359.
  • Vega-Galvez, A.; Miranda, M.; Vergara, J.; Uribe, E.; Puente, L.; and Martinez, E.A.; 2010. Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and ancient Andean grain: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90: 2541-2547
  • Wang, W. X., Vinocur B., Altman A., 2003: Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta, 218: 1–14.
  • Ward, S.M., 2000. Response to selection for reduced grain saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crops Research, 68: 157–163.
  • Williams, W. D., 1999. Salinisation: A major threat to water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 4 (3-4): 85-91.
  • Wright, K. H., Pike O. A., Fairbanks D. J. and Huber, C. S., 2002. Composition of Atriplex hortensis, sweet and bitter Chenopodium quinoa seeds. Journal of Food Science, 67: 1383-1385.

A New Crop for Salt Affected and Dry Agricultural Areas of Turkey: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Year 2014, Volume: 1 Issue: Özel Sayı-2, 1440 - 1446, 01.03.2014

Abstract

Kuraklık ve tuzluluk, hatalı tarımsal uygulamalar ve iklim değişikliği ile tetiklenen iki yaygın çevresel problemdir ve tarımsal üretimi olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu gibi alanlarda tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilmesi için söz konusu elverişsiz koşullarda gelişebilen yeni bitkilerin yetiştirilmesi alınabilecek önlemlerden birisidir. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) anavatanı Güney Amerika’nın And bölgesi olan tek yıllık bir dane bitkisidir. Bu bitki çeşitli abiyotik stres faktörlerini tolere edebilme becerisi ve farklı çevresel koşullara uyum yeteneği ile kurak ve tuzdan etkilenmiş tarım alanları ya da verimsiz topraklar için alternatif bir ürün olma potansiyeline sahiptir. Glütensiz zengin besin içeriği quinoa bitkisini insan beslenmesi açısından önemli kılan bir başka özelliğidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için yeni bir ürün olarak quinoa bitkisi tanıtılmış ve 2009-2012 yılları arasında Çukurova Üniversitesinde yürütülen araştırma ışığında, ülkenin kurak ve tuzdan etkilenmiş alanlarında quinoa bitkisinin yetiştirilme olanakları değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre quinoa bitkisi sulama suyu elektriksel iletkenliği 40 dS m-1 düzeyine kadar, diğer birçok bitkinin tolere edemediği kök bölgesindeki yüksek tuzluluk ile baş edebilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, stres tolerans özelliği, deniz seviyesinden dağlık kesimlere kadar adapte olmuş birçok çeşidi ile farklı tarımsal çevre koşullarına uyum yeteneği, besin içeriği ve ekonomik değeri sayesinde quinoa bitkisi marjinal tarım alanları için alternatif bir ürün olarak önerilebilir

References

  • Alvarez-Jubete, L., Arendt, E. K. and Gallagher E., 2010. Nutritive value of pseudocereals and their increasing use as functional gluten-free ingredients. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21: 106-113.
  • Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Ohri, D., 2006. Chenopodium quinoa-an Indian perspective. Industrial Crops and Products, 23: 73-87.
  • Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., Ohri, D., 2007. Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crop Research, 101: 104-116.
  • Bosque Sanchez, H., Lemeur, R., Van Damme P., Jacobsen, S-E., analysis of drought and salinity stress of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International, 19: 111-119.
  • Cocozza, C., Pulvento, C., Lavini, A., Riccardi, M., d’Andria R., Tognetti, R., 2012. Effects of increasing salinity stress and decreasing water availability on ecophysiological traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 199: 229-240.
  • FAO, 1994. Neglected crops 1492 from a different perspective. FAO Plant Production and Protection http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/t0646e/t0 646e.pdf No:26, Rome.
  • FAO, 2011. Quinoa: An ancient crop to contribute to world food security. FAO Regional Office for Latin http://www.fao.org/alc/file/media/pubs/20 11/cultivo_quinua_en.pdf the Caribbean.
  • FAO, 2013. Food outlook biannual report on global food http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/al999e/al9 99e.pdf 0251-1959.
  • FAO, 2014. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures-AQUASTAT http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/cou ntries_regions/tur/TUR-CP_eng.pdf
  • Fuentes, F.F, Martinez, E.A., Hinrichsen P.V., Jellen, E.N., Maughan, P.J., 2009. Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite markers. Conservation Genetics, 10: 369- 377.
  • Garcia, M., Raes, D., Jacobsen, S.-E., 2003. Evapotranspiration analysis and irrigation requirements of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Bolivivan highlands. Agricultural Water Management, 60: 119- 134
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia M., Condori, O., Mamani, J., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Taboada, C., Yucra, E., Vacher, J., 2008a. Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano? Agricultural Water Management, 95: 909- 917.
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Vacher, J., Mamani, R., Mendoza, J., Huanca, R., Morales, B., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Taboada, C., 2008b. Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Agronomy, 28: 427–436. Journal of
  • Geerts, S., Raes, D., Garcia, M., Taboada, C., Miranda, R., Cusicanqui, J., Mhizha, T., Vacher, J., 2009. Modeling the potential for closing quinoa yield gaps under varying water availibility in the Bolivian Altiplano. Agricultural Water Management, 96: 1652- 1658.
  • Giorgi F., Lionello P., 2008. Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change, 63: 90-104
  • Gómez-Pando, L. R., Alvarez-Castro, R., Eguiluz-de la Barra, A., 2010. Effect of salt stress on Peruvian quinoa Willd.: a promising crop. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 196: 391–396.
  • González, J.A., Prado, F.E., 1992. Germination in relation to salinity and temperature in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Agrochimica, 36: 101-108.
  • Hirich, A., Choukr-Allah, R., Jacobsen, S–E., 2014. Deficit irrigation and organic compost improve growth and yield of quinoa and pea. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200 (5):390-398.
  • Jensen, C.R., Jacobsen, S.E., Andersen, M.N., Nşñez, N. S., Andersen, D., Rasmussen, L., Mogensen, V. O., 2000. Leaf gas exchange and water relation characteristics of field quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) during soil drying. European Journal of Agronomy, 13: 11-25.
  • Jacobsen, S.-E., Jİrgensen, I., Stİlen, O., 1994. Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under temperate climatic conditions in Denmark. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 122: 47-52.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., 2003. The worldwide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Reviews International, 19: 167–177.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., Mujica, A., Jensen C.R., 2003. The resistance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to adverse abiotic factors. Food Reviews International, 19: 99–109.
  • Jacobsen, S.E., Jensen C.R., Lui, F., 2012. Improving crop production in the Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research, 128: 34-47.
  • Koyro, H-W., Eisa, S.S., 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Soil, 302:79–90
  • Lavini, A., Pulvento, C., d’Andria, R., Riccardi, M., Choukr-Allah, R., Belhabib, O., Yazar, A., Ince Kaya, Ç., Sezen, S. M., Qadir, M., Jacobsen, S.-E., 2014. Quinoa’s potential in the Mediterranean Region. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 200 (5):344-360.
  • Martinez, E.A., Veas, E., Jorquera, C., San Martin, R., Jara, P., 2009. Re-introduction of quinoa into arid Chile: Cultivation of two lowland races under extremely low irrigation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195:1-10.
  • Oelke, E. A., Putnam, D. H., Teynor, T.M., Oplinger, E. S., 1992. Alternative field crops manual. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afc m/quinoa.html
  • Pulvento, C., Riccardi, M., Lavini A., D’andria, R., Iafelice, G., Marconi, E., 2010. Field trial evaluation of two Chenopodium quinoa’s genotypes grown in rainfed conditions in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197:407-411.
  • Razzaghi, F., Plauborg F., Jacobsen S.-E., Jensen C. R., Andersen M. N., 2011a. Effect of nitrogen and water availability of three soil types on yield, evapotranspiration in field-grown quinoa. Agricultural Water Management, 109: 20– 29. efficiency and
  • Razzaghi, F., Ahmadi, S. H., Adolf, V. I., Jensen, C. R., Jacobsen, S.-E., Andersen, M. N., 2011b. Water relations and transpiration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salinity and soil drying. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197:348-360.
  • Razzaghi, F., Ahmadi, S. H., Jacobsen, S.-E., Jensen, C. R., Andersen, M. N., 2012. Effects of salinity and soil-drying on radiation use efficiency, water productivity and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 198: 173- 184.
  • Rengasamy, P. 2010. Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils. Functional Plant Biology, 37: 613-620.
  • Ruiz, K.B., Biondi, S., Oses, R., Acuña-Rodríguez, I.S., Antognoni, F., Martinez-Mosqueira, E.A., Coulibaly, A., Canahua-Murillo, A., Pinto, M., Zurita-Silva, A., Bazile D., Jacobsen S.E., Molina- Montenegro, M. A., 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34 (2): 349-359.
  • Vega-Galvez, A.; Miranda, M.; Vergara, J.; Uribe, E.; Puente, L.; and Martinez, E.A.; 2010. Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and ancient Andean grain: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90: 2541-2547
  • Wang, W. X., Vinocur B., Altman A., 2003: Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta, 218: 1–14.
  • Ward, S.M., 2000. Response to selection for reduced grain saponin content in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crops Research, 68: 157–163.
  • Williams, W. D., 1999. Salinisation: A major threat to water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 4 (3-4): 85-91.
  • Wright, K. H., Pike O. A., Fairbanks D. J. and Huber, C. S., 2002. Composition of Atriplex hortensis, sweet and bitter Chenopodium quinoa seeds. Journal of Food Science, 67: 1383-1385.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Attila Yazar This is me

Çiğdem İnce Kaya This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2014
Submission Date January 26, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 1 Issue: Özel Sayı-2

Cite

APA Yazar, A., & Kaya, Ç. İ. (2014). A New Crop for Salt Affected and Dry Agricultural Areas of Turkey: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 1(Özel Sayı-2), 1440-1446.