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ABD Başkanları Bush ve Obama'nın Kamuya Açık Konuşmalarında "Referans Nesne(ler)" ve "Varoluşsal Tehdit(ler)"i Keşfetmek (2001-2017): Bir Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi Perspektifi

Year 2024, , 23 - 47, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1275520

Abstract

Bu araştırma, güvenlikleştirme teorisinin iki önemli yönü olan referans nesne(ler) ve
varoluşsal tehdit(ler)i keşfetme amacıyla ABD'nin iki eski Başkanı George W. Bush ve
Barack Obama’nın seçilmiş kamuya açık konuşmaları üzerinden Terörle karşı Savaş
politikalarını incelemektedir. ABD'de Bush ve Obama yönetimlerinin 11 Eylül
sonrasında izlediği terörle savaş politikasına paralel olarak genişleyen Müslüman
toplulukların güvenlikleştirilmesi süreci de incelenmiştir. Çalışma, referans nesneleri
ve varoluşsal tehdit kavramlarının söylemsel politik pratikler aracılığıyla
gerçekleştiğini iddia etmektedir. Araştırma, Başkan Bush'un farklı kişilere, gruplara,
terör örgütlerine ve uluslara karşı güvenlikleştirerek kamuoyunu harekete geçirdiğini
ortaya koymuştur. Bunun aksine, Başkan Obama, daha önce güvenlikleştirilmiş
ancak daha az ciddi bir konuyu güvenlikleştirmeden çıkarmaya çalışırken bazı
terörist grupları da güvenlikleştirmiştir.

References

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  • Austin, J. L., & Beaulieu-Brossard, P. (2017). "(De)securitisation dilemmas: Theorising the simultaneous enaction of securitisation and desecuritisation", Review of International Studies, 1 (23), doi:10.1017/S0260210517000511.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to Do Things with Word (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Balcı A. & Kardaş T. (2012). "The Changing Dynamics of Turkey's Relations with Israel: An Analysis of "Securitization", Insight Turkey, 14 (2), p. 99-120.
  • Balzacq, T. (2011). "A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions, and Variants," T. Balzacq (Ed.), Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve (London & New York).
  • Balzacq, T. (2015). "Legitimacy and the ‘Logic’ of Security," T. Balzacq (Ed.), Contesting Security: Strategies and Logics (Oxon: Routledge).
  • Bowman, T., & Liasson, M. (2009, December 3). "Obama's Afghan War Decision: A Team Of Rivals," NPR, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121063974.
  • Bruck, C. (2016, July 25). "Why Obama Has Failed to Close Guantánamo: Congress is blamed for preventing the President from fulfilling his pledge. But that’s not the whole story," The New Yorker.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, September 20). "Address to the Joint Session of the 107th Congress," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/bushrecord/documents/Selected_Speeches_George_W_Bush.pdf.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, September 11). "Address to the Nation on the September 11 Attacks," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, November 10). "Address to the United Nations General Assembly," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008.
  • Bush, G. W. (2005, February 2). "State of the Union Address to the 109th Congress," Retrieved December 17, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush.
  • Bush, G. W. (2006, September 5). "Remarks on the Global War on Terror: The Enemy in Their Own Words," Retrieved December 18, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush.
  • Buzan, B. Waever, O. and De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
  • CAIR. (2002). Stereotypes and Civil Liberties: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States 2002 (Washington D.C. : Council on American_Islamic Relations).
  • CAIR. (2004). Unpatriotic Acts: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States (Washington, D.C: Council on American-Islamic Relations).
  • CAIR. (2005). Unequal Protection: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States (Washington DC: Council on American-Islamic Relations).
  • Carless, W. (2014, March 28). "These are the 5 Guantanamo detainees who might be moving to Uruguay," The World (GlobalPost).
  • Dijk, V. (1997). "Political Discourse and Racism: Describing Others in Western Parliament," R. SH, & R. SH (Eds.), The Language and Politics of Exclusion: Others in Discourse (Thousand Oaks: CA: SAGE): 31-64.
  • Elsheikh, E., Sisemore, B., & Lee, N. R. (2017). Legalizing Othering: The United States of Islamophobia (UC Berkeley). Emmers, R. (2013). "Securitization," A. Collins (Ed.), Contemporary Security Studies (3rd ed.) (Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press).
  • Eroukhmanoff, C. (2018). "It’s not a Muslim ban!’ Indirect speech acts and the securitisation of Islam in the United States post-9/11," Global Discourse, 8 (1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2018.1439873.
  • Friedman, M. J. (Ed.). (n.d.). "President Barak Obama in his own words. Retrieved from United States Department of State / Bureau of International Information Programs," https://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/obamaw.pdf.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). "Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, On the creative Development of a Security Studies Agenda in Europe", European Journal of International Relations, 4 (4): 479-505.
  • HRW. (2003). WORLD REPORT. New York, Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/pdf/us.pdf.
  • HRW. (2005). WORLD REPORT. New York, Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k5/wr2005.pdf.
  • Landler, M. (2017, January 1). "The Afghan War and the Evolution of Obama," The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/obama-afghanistan-war.html.
  • Lehrer, J. (2011, May 5). "How Will History View Obama’s Decision on Bin Laden?," PBS News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-will-history-view-obama-s-decision-on-bin-laden.
  • Mandaville, P. (2013). "Islam and Exceptionalism in American Political Discourse," Political Science and Politics, 46 (2),: 235-239.
  • Matthew, D., Yasmine, T., Ken, G., & Ken, S. (2015, February 11). "Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network’s Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America," Retrieved December 15, 2019, from Center for American Progress.
  • Mujahid, A. M. (2003, July). "In a virtual internment camp: Muslim Americans since 9/11," Sound Vision. Retrieved from https://www.soundvision.com/article/in-a-virtual-internment-camp-muslim-americans-since-911.
  • McCrisken, T. (2014). "Obama’s War on Terrorism in rhetoric and practice," M. Bentley, & J. Holland (Eds.), Obama's Foreign Policy: Ending the War on Terror (London & New York: Routledge): 17-44.
  • NSS. (2010). National Security Strategy (Washington: The White House).
  • Obama, B. (2005, December 15). "Senate Floor Speech on the PATRIOT Act," AmericanRhetoric.com.
  • Obama, B. (2009, June 4). "A New Beginning: Speech at Cairo University", AmericanRhetoric.com.
  • Obama, B. (2009, May 21). Speech on American Values and National Security.
  • Obama’s Speech on Drone Policy. (2013, May 23). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/politics/transcript-of-obamas-speech-on-drone-policy.html.
  • Peoples, C. & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2010). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Pitter, L. (2017, May 11). "Hate Crimes Against Muslims in US Continue to Rise in 2016," Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/11/hate-crimes-against-muslims-us-continue-rise-2016.
  • Presidential Documents Executive Order 13492 . (2009, January 27). Federal Register/Vol. 74, No. 16/Tuesday, January 27, 2009/, 74(16), 4897-4900. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-01-27/pdf/E9-1893.pdf.
  • Purkiss, J., & Serle, J. (2017, January 17). "Obama’s covert drone war in numbers: ten times more strikes than Bush," The Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
  • Restad, H. E. (2012). The War on Terror from Bush to Obama: On Power and Path Dependency (NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs).
  • Rohde, D. (2012, February 27). "The Obama Doctrine: How the president's drone war is backfiring," Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/27/the-obama-doctrine/.
  • RT. (2013, December 27). "Obama defense bill to facilitate transfer of prisoners from Gitmo," RT News. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/usa/obama-defense-budget-guantanamo-862/.
  • Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Past of the World (London: Vintage Books).
  • Salaita, S. (2006). Anti- Arab Racism in the USA: Where It Comes from and What It Means for Politics Today (London: Pluto Press).
  • Searle, J. R. (1977). The philosophy of language (London: Oxford University Press).
  • Shipoli, E. A. (2018). Islam, Securitization, and US Foreign Policy (Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer International Publishing).
  • Simons, G. (2010). "Fourth Generation Warfare and the Clash of Civilizations," Journal of Islamic Studies, 21 (3), 391–412.
  • Smith, J. I. (2010). "Islam in America," J. Cesari (Ed.), Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, politics, and law (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Telatar, G. (2014). "Barack Obama, the War on Terrorism and the US Hegemony" Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13 (4). www.alternetivesjournal.net.
  • Wajahat, A., Eli, C., Matthew, D., Lee, F., Scott, K., & Faiz, S. (2011, August 26). "Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America," Center for American Progress: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/fear-inc/.
  • Welch, M. (2006). Scapegoats of September 11th: Hate Crimes and State Crimes in the War on Terror (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).
  • Williams, M. C. (2003). "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, 47, 511–531.
  • Zenko, M. (2016, January 12). "Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy," The New York Times.

Discovering ‘Referent Object(s)’ and ‘Existential Threat(s)’ in the Public Speeches of the USA Presidents Bush and Obama (2001-2017): A Securitization Theory Perspective

Year 2024, , 23 - 47, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1275520

Abstract

This research examines the War on Terror policies by the selected public speeches of the two former Presidents of the USA, George W. Bush and Barack Obama, with the object of discovering the referent object(s) and existential threat(s) – the two significant aspects of securitization theory. The process of securitization of Muslim communities, which expanded in parallel with the war on terror policy followed by the Bush and Obama administrations in the USA after September 11, has also been examined. The study claims that the concepts of referent objects and existential threats had realized through discursive political practices of the Presidents. The study finds that President Bush mobilized public opinion against different people, groups, terrorist organizations, and nations by securitizing them. In contrast, President Obama securitized some terrorist groups while seeking to desecuritize a previously securitized but less serious issue.

Thanks

The author expresses deep gratitude to his PhD supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Özlem Kaygusuz, Department of International Relations at Ankara University, Turkey who helped him to learn the dynamics of security, critical security, third world security and securitization theory.

References

  • Ahmed, S., & Matthes, J. (2016). Media representation of Muslims and Islam from 2000 to 2015: A meta-analysis. the International Communication Gazette, 1, 1-26.
  • Austin, J. L., & Beaulieu-Brossard, P. (2017). "(De)securitisation dilemmas: Theorising the simultaneous enaction of securitisation and desecuritisation", Review of International Studies, 1 (23), doi:10.1017/S0260210517000511.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to Do Things with Word (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Balcı A. & Kardaş T. (2012). "The Changing Dynamics of Turkey's Relations with Israel: An Analysis of "Securitization", Insight Turkey, 14 (2), p. 99-120.
  • Balzacq, T. (2011). "A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions, and Variants," T. Balzacq (Ed.), Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve (London & New York).
  • Balzacq, T. (2015). "Legitimacy and the ‘Logic’ of Security," T. Balzacq (Ed.), Contesting Security: Strategies and Logics (Oxon: Routledge).
  • Bowman, T., & Liasson, M. (2009, December 3). "Obama's Afghan War Decision: A Team Of Rivals," NPR, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121063974.
  • Bruck, C. (2016, July 25). "Why Obama Has Failed to Close Guantánamo: Congress is blamed for preventing the President from fulfilling his pledge. But that’s not the whole story," The New Yorker.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, September 20). "Address to the Joint Session of the 107th Congress," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/bushrecord/documents/Selected_Speeches_George_W_Bush.pdf.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, September 11). "Address to the Nation on the September 11 Attacks," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008.
  • Bush, G. W. (2001, November 10). "Address to the United Nations General Assembly," Retrieved December 10, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush 2001-2008.
  • Bush, G. W. (2005, February 2). "State of the Union Address to the 109th Congress," Retrieved December 17, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush.
  • Bush, G. W. (2006, September 5). "Remarks on the Global War on Terror: The Enemy in Their Own Words," Retrieved December 18, 2019, from Selected Speeches of President George W. Bush.
  • Buzan, B. Waever, O. and De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).
  • CAIR. (2002). Stereotypes and Civil Liberties: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States 2002 (Washington D.C. : Council on American_Islamic Relations).
  • CAIR. (2004). Unpatriotic Acts: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States (Washington, D.C: Council on American-Islamic Relations).
  • CAIR. (2005). Unequal Protection: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States (Washington DC: Council on American-Islamic Relations).
  • Carless, W. (2014, March 28). "These are the 5 Guantanamo detainees who might be moving to Uruguay," The World (GlobalPost).
  • Dijk, V. (1997). "Political Discourse and Racism: Describing Others in Western Parliament," R. SH, & R. SH (Eds.), The Language and Politics of Exclusion: Others in Discourse (Thousand Oaks: CA: SAGE): 31-64.
  • Elsheikh, E., Sisemore, B., & Lee, N. R. (2017). Legalizing Othering: The United States of Islamophobia (UC Berkeley). Emmers, R. (2013). "Securitization," A. Collins (Ed.), Contemporary Security Studies (3rd ed.) (Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press).
  • Eroukhmanoff, C. (2018). "It’s not a Muslim ban!’ Indirect speech acts and the securitisation of Islam in the United States post-9/11," Global Discourse, 8 (1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2018.1439873.
  • Friedman, M. J. (Ed.). (n.d.). "President Barak Obama in his own words. Retrieved from United States Department of State / Bureau of International Information Programs," https://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/obamaw.pdf.
  • Huysmans, J. (1998). "Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, On the creative Development of a Security Studies Agenda in Europe", European Journal of International Relations, 4 (4): 479-505.
  • HRW. (2003). WORLD REPORT. New York, Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/pdf/us.pdf.
  • HRW. (2005). WORLD REPORT. New York, Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k5/wr2005.pdf.
  • Landler, M. (2017, January 1). "The Afghan War and the Evolution of Obama," The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/obama-afghanistan-war.html.
  • Lehrer, J. (2011, May 5). "How Will History View Obama’s Decision on Bin Laden?," PBS News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-will-history-view-obama-s-decision-on-bin-laden.
  • Mandaville, P. (2013). "Islam and Exceptionalism in American Political Discourse," Political Science and Politics, 46 (2),: 235-239.
  • Matthew, D., Yasmine, T., Ken, G., & Ken, S. (2015, February 11). "Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network’s Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America," Retrieved December 15, 2019, from Center for American Progress.
  • Mujahid, A. M. (2003, July). "In a virtual internment camp: Muslim Americans since 9/11," Sound Vision. Retrieved from https://www.soundvision.com/article/in-a-virtual-internment-camp-muslim-americans-since-911.
  • McCrisken, T. (2014). "Obama’s War on Terrorism in rhetoric and practice," M. Bentley, & J. Holland (Eds.), Obama's Foreign Policy: Ending the War on Terror (London & New York: Routledge): 17-44.
  • NSS. (2010). National Security Strategy (Washington: The White House).
  • Obama, B. (2005, December 15). "Senate Floor Speech on the PATRIOT Act," AmericanRhetoric.com.
  • Obama, B. (2009, June 4). "A New Beginning: Speech at Cairo University", AmericanRhetoric.com.
  • Obama, B. (2009, May 21). Speech on American Values and National Security.
  • Obama’s Speech on Drone Policy. (2013, May 23). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/politics/transcript-of-obamas-speech-on-drone-policy.html.
  • Peoples, C. & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2010). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Pitter, L. (2017, May 11). "Hate Crimes Against Muslims in US Continue to Rise in 2016," Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/11/hate-crimes-against-muslims-us-continue-rise-2016.
  • Presidential Documents Executive Order 13492 . (2009, January 27). Federal Register/Vol. 74, No. 16/Tuesday, January 27, 2009/, 74(16), 4897-4900. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-01-27/pdf/E9-1893.pdf.
  • Purkiss, J., & Serle, J. (2017, January 17). "Obama’s covert drone war in numbers: ten times more strikes than Bush," The Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
  • Restad, H. E. (2012). The War on Terror from Bush to Obama: On Power and Path Dependency (NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs).
  • Rohde, D. (2012, February 27). "The Obama Doctrine: How the president's drone war is backfiring," Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/27/the-obama-doctrine/.
  • RT. (2013, December 27). "Obama defense bill to facilitate transfer of prisoners from Gitmo," RT News. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/usa/obama-defense-budget-guantanamo-862/.
  • Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Past of the World (London: Vintage Books).
  • Salaita, S. (2006). Anti- Arab Racism in the USA: Where It Comes from and What It Means for Politics Today (London: Pluto Press).
  • Searle, J. R. (1977). The philosophy of language (London: Oxford University Press).
  • Shipoli, E. A. (2018). Islam, Securitization, and US Foreign Policy (Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer International Publishing).
  • Simons, G. (2010). "Fourth Generation Warfare and the Clash of Civilizations," Journal of Islamic Studies, 21 (3), 391–412.
  • Smith, J. I. (2010). "Islam in America," J. Cesari (Ed.), Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, politics, and law (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Telatar, G. (2014). "Barack Obama, the War on Terrorism and the US Hegemony" Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13 (4). www.alternetivesjournal.net.
  • Wajahat, A., Eli, C., Matthew, D., Lee, F., Scott, K., & Faiz, S. (2011, August 26). "Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America," Center for American Progress: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/fear-inc/.
  • Welch, M. (2006). Scapegoats of September 11th: Hate Crimes and State Crimes in the War on Terror (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).
  • Williams, M. C. (2003). "Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics," International Studies Quarterly, 47, 511–531.
  • Zenko, M. (2016, January 12). "Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy," The New York Times.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Security
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Md Mahmudur Rahman 0000-0002-8197-9147

Publication Date December 11, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Rahman, M. M. (2024). Discovering ‘Referent Object(s)’ and ‘Existential Threat(s)’ in the Public Speeches of the USA Presidents Bush and Obama (2001-2017): A Securitization Theory Perspective. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 23-47. https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1275520