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The Use of Force in the Protection of Nationals: The Russian Federation’s Intervention in Georgia and Ukraine

Year 2024, , 1 - 22, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1455980

Abstract

The article focuses on the legality of the Russian Federation using force to protect its own citizens living in former Soviet states. In this context; in the article, the unilateral use of force and the obligation to protect citizens abroad are discussed comprehensively. Considering the humanitarian dimension of the issue, the study argues that the right to protect citizens abroad is not inherently illegal in principle, but it emphasizes the susceptibility of this approach to abuse, even when states claim their purpose is to rescue their citizens. In this regard, the article evaluates the interventions based on the justification of 'protecting citizens abroad' by the Russian Federation in terms of proportionality and necessity criteria. The conclusion of the study is that the illegality of Russia's actions in Crimea and South Ossetia stems not from the absence of a principle of protecting citizens abroad but from the failure to meet the conditions of proportionality and necessity in those interventions. The article concludes by emphasizing that the unclear legal scope of the doctrine has led to unintended consequences in rescue operations for citizens abroad, such as regime change and territorial occupation.

References

  • Arend, Clark A. ve Robert Beck (1993). International Law and the Use of Force (London, New York: Routledge).
  • Aşavskiy, Boris (2016). "Suverenitet i Vozmojnost Pravomernogo Vmeşatelstva vo Vnutrenniye Dela Gosudarstva" [Sovereignty and the Ability to Lawfully Intervene in the Internal Affairs of States (Concepts Regarding the Responsibility to Protect in the Context of International Law) ], Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta im. Vitte, 1(8): 16-22.
  • Başeren, S. Hami (2003). Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi).
  • Bayraktar, Fethullah (2022). "On the Controversial Illegality of the Unilateral Use of Force for the Prevention of Genocide: The ‘Doubtfulness’ Clause Adopted by the ICJ in the Case Filed by Ukraine Against Russia", Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 19(76): 39-52. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1213906
  • Bekyaşev, Kamil (2008). "Printsip Uvajeniya Gosudarstvennogo SuvereniteteaOsnovopologayuşiy Printsip Obşego Mejdunarodnogo Prava" [Principle of Respect for State Sovereignty Fundamental Principle of General International Law], Lex Russica, 1(4): 916.
  • Bowett, Derek (1957). "The Use of Force in the Protection of Nationals", Transactions of the Grotius Society, 43( Problems of Public and Private International Law, Transactions for the Year 1957): 111-126.
  • Brownlie, Ian (1963). International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
  • Chatham, Robert (2011). "Defense of Nationals Abroad: The Legitimacy of Russia's Invasion of Georgia" Florida Journal of International Law, 23(1): 75-102.
  • Doswald-Beck, Louise (1985). "The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government", British Yearbook of International Law, 56(1): 189-252.
  • Eichensehr, Kristen (2008). "Defending Nationals Abroad: Assessing the Lawfulness of Forcible Hostage Rescues", Virginia Journal of International Law, 48(2): 452-484.
  • Ertuğrul, Ü. Elçin (2016). "Koruma Sorumluluğu: İnsani Müdahaleyi Makyajlamak", Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (20): 441-470.
  • Farer, Tom J. (1971). "Law and War", Cyril Black ve Robert Falk (eds.), The Future of the International Legal Order (Princeton University Press): 15-81.
  • Glotova, Svetlana (2017). "Zaşita Grajdan za Rubejom kak Pravovoye Osnovaniye dlya Odnostoronnego Silovogo Vmeşatelstva" [Protection of Citizens Abroad as a Legal Basis for Unilateral Military Intervention: Modern Problems Jus Contra Bellum ], Matters of Russian and International Law, 7(11): 32-40.
  • Gordon, David J. (1977). "Use of Force for the Protection of Nationals Abroad: The Entebbe Inciden", Case Western Reserve Journal of Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law International Law, 9(117): 117-134.
  • Green, James (2010). "Passportisation, Peacekeepers and Proportionality: The Russian Claim of the Protection of Nationals Abroad in Self-Defence", James Green ve C. Waters (eds.), Conflict in the Caucasus: Implications for International Legal Order (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan): 54-79.
  • Green, James (2014). "Editorial Comment: The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportisation and the Protection of Nationals Revisited", Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 1(1): 3-19.
  • Grimal, Francis ve Graham Melling (2012). "The Protection of Nationals Abroad: Lawfulness or Toleration? A commentary", Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16(3): 541-554.
  • Güven, Onur ve Oliver Ribbelink (2015). "The Protection of Nationals Abroad: A Return to Old Practice? ", Christophe Paulussen vd. (eds.), Fundamental Rights in International and European Law (T.M.C. Asser Press): 45-72. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-088-6_3
  • İnaç, Hüsamettin ve Tuğba Er Kızıl (2023). "Nottebohm Davası Liechtenstein ve Guatemala, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı – 1953", Anadolu Strateji Dergisi, 5(1):70-86.
  • International Court of Justice (1986). Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America) (New York: UN General Assembly).
  • International Court of Justice (1955). Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein vs. Guatemala) (Lahey: International Court of Justice).
  • Johnstone, Ian (2005). "The Plea of "Necessity" in International Legal Discourse: Humanitarian Intervention and Counter-Terrorism", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 43: 337-388.
  • Keskin, Funda (1998). Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (Ankara: Mülkiye Birliği Vakfı Yayınları).
  • Keskin, Funda (2002, İlkbahar). "BM ve Kuvvet Kullanma", Avrasya Dosyası, 8(1): 149-174.
  • Kolstoe, Paul (1995). Russians in the Former Soviet Republics (Indiana: Indiana University press).
  • Krılov, Nikolay (2012). "Mejdunarodno-Pravoviye Voprosı zaşiti Grajdan za Rubejom" [International Legal İssues of Protection of Citizens Abroad], Trudi İnstituta Gosudarstva i Prava, 1(5): 10-125.
  • Künnecke, Arndt (2018, Haziran). "The German Federal Law on Integration", Acta Universitatis Carolinae, 1(2): 85-98.
  • Lillich, Richard (1967). "Forcible Self-Help by States for Protect Human Rights", Iowa Law Review (53): 325-351.
  • Mejdunarodnaya Jizn (2019). Problemı Gumanitarnoy İnterventsii i Zaşitı Grajdan za Rubejom [Problems of humanitarian intervention and protection of citizens abroad], Krugliy Stol. 7, s. 16-33. https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/57 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2023).
  • Müllerson, Rein (2008, Eylül 2008). The World After the Russia-Georgia War, Kasım 28, 2023 tarihinde Open Democracy: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/theworld-after-the-russia-georgia-war/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023).
  • Novoseltsev, Aleksey (2018). "Ob İspolzovanii Pravozaşitnoy Problematiki dlya Vmeşatelstva vo Vnutreniye Dela Suverennih Gosudarst" [About Using the Right Protection Agenda With a View to İnterfere in Mutual Affairs of States], Gosudarstvennaya Slujba i Kadrı, 1(2): 156-159.
  • Okolyolova, Yulia (2019). "Mejdunarodno-Pravoviye Osnovı Zaşitı Grajdan Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Projivayuşih za Granitsey" [The International Legal Framework for The Protection of citizens of The Russian Federation who Live Abroad], Zakon i Pravo, 1(8): 32-34.
  • Reisman, Michael (1971). "Sanctions and Enforcement", Cyril Black ve Richard Falk (eds.), The Future of the International Legal Order (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press): 273-335.
  • Ronzitti, Natallino (1985). Rescuing Nationals Abroad Through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity (Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff).
  • Ruys, Tom (2008). "The 'Protection of Nationals' Doctrine Revisited", Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13(2): 233-271.
  • Ruys, Tom (2014). "The Meaning of "Force" And The Boundaries of The Jus Ad Bellum: Are "Minimal" Uses of Force Excluded From UN Charter Article 2(4)?", The American Journal of International Law, 108(2): 159-210.
  • Schachter, Oscar (1984). "The Right of States to Use Armed Force", Michigan Law Review Michigan Law Review, 82(5): 1620-1646.
  • Schachter, Oscar (1985). "International Law in The Hostage Crisis: Implications for Future Cases", W. Christopher (eds.), American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press): 325-373.
  • Sloane, Robert (2009). Breaking the Genuine Link: The Contemporary International Legal. Harvard Law School, 50(1): 1-60, https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/489/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2023).
  • Smale, Alison ve Stiven Erlanger (2014, Mart 3). "Ukraine Mobilizes Reserve Troops, Threatening War", New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/world/europe/ukraine.html?hp&_r=2 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2023).
  • Tuzmukhamedov, Bakhtiyar (2012). "Legislative Regulation of Trans-boundary Use of Armed Force: Russian Case Study", Lauri Mälksoo vd. (eds.), Baltic Yearbook of International Law (Leiden: Brill): 57-74.
  • Umland, Andreas (2008, Ağustos 26). "A Shield of a Passport: Moscow Uses Russian Citizenship as a Tool for", Global Politician, http://www.globalpolitician.com/25140-russia (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2023).
  • Vestnik Diplomatiçeskoy Akademii MİD Rossii (2010). Ekspertniye Rekomendatsii o Protivopravnosti Gumanitarnoy İnterventsii i Pravomernosti Zaşiti Grajdan Za Rubejom v Sootvetstvii s Mejdunarodnim Pravom (Moskova: MİD Rosii).
  • Voice of America: World News (2014, Mart 3). "Lavrov: Troops in Crimea Protecting Russian Citizens", Voice of America: World News, www.voanews.com/content/lavrov-troops-in-crimea-protecting-russian-citizens/1863103.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2023).
  • Waldock, Claud H. (1951). "The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law", Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, 81: 451–517.
  • Waller, Marc (2014, Mart 19). "The Shadow of the Gun", New Law Journal, https://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/content/shadow-gun (Erişim Tarihi:09.11.2023).
  • Wingfield, Thomas (2000). "Forcible Protection of Nationals Abroad", Dickinson Law Review, 3(104): 439-469.
  • Wisehart, Daniel (2014, Mart 4). "The Crisis in Ukraine and the Prohibition of the Use of Force: A Legal Basis for Russia’s Intervention?", Kasım 28, 202 tarihinde EJIL: Talk, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-crisis-in-ukraine-and-theprohibition-of-the-use-of-force-a-legal-basis-for-russias-intervention/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2023).
  • Yılmaz, E. Alper ve Orhan Irk (2015, Haziran). "Nikaragua Divan Kararları Işığında Kuvvet Kullanma ve Meşru Müdafaa Sorunu", CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2): 151-166.

Yurt Dışındaki Vatandaşlarını Korumak için Kuvvet Kullanma: Rusya Federasyonu’nun Gürcistan ve Ukrayna’ya Müdahaleleri

Year 2024, , 1 - 22, 11.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1455980

Abstract

Makale, Rusya Federasyonu’nun eski Sovyet devletlerinde yaşayan kendi vatandaşlarını korumak gerekçesiyle kuvvet kullanmasının hukuksallığına odaklanmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak makalede, tek taraflı kuvvet kullanımı ve yurt dışındaki vatandaşlarını koruma yükümlülüğü kapsamlı bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Çalışma, konunun insani boyutunu göz önünde bulundurarak yurt dışındaki vatandaşlarını koruma hakkının prensipte hukuk dışı olmadığını savunmakla birlikte devletler amaçlarının kendi vatandaşlarını kurtarmak olduğunu iddia etseler bile bu yolun kötüye kullanılmaya açık olduğunun altını çizmektedir. Bu bağlamda makale, RF’nin, ‘yurt dışındaki vatandaşlarını koruma’ gerekçesine dayandırdığı müdahalelerini orantılılık ve gereklilik kriterleri açısından değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, RF’nin Kırım ve Güney Osetya’daki eylemlerinin hukuka aykırı olması, yurtdışındaki vatandaşlarını koruma gibi bir hakkının prensipte var olmamasından değil, söz konusu müdahalelerde orantılılık ve gereklilik koşullarının sağlanmamış olmasından kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Makale, doktrinin hukuksal kapsamının belirsiz olmasının yurt dışındaki vatandaşlarını kurtarma operasyonlarının rejim değişikliği ve toprak işgali gibi amacını aşan etkilere yol açtığının üzerinde durarak sonuçlanmaktadır.

References

  • Arend, Clark A. ve Robert Beck (1993). International Law and the Use of Force (London, New York: Routledge).
  • Aşavskiy, Boris (2016). "Suverenitet i Vozmojnost Pravomernogo Vmeşatelstva vo Vnutrenniye Dela Gosudarstva" [Sovereignty and the Ability to Lawfully Intervene in the Internal Affairs of States (Concepts Regarding the Responsibility to Protect in the Context of International Law) ], Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta im. Vitte, 1(8): 16-22.
  • Başeren, S. Hami (2003). Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi).
  • Bayraktar, Fethullah (2022). "On the Controversial Illegality of the Unilateral Use of Force for the Prevention of Genocide: The ‘Doubtfulness’ Clause Adopted by the ICJ in the Case Filed by Ukraine Against Russia", Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 19(76): 39-52. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1213906
  • Bekyaşev, Kamil (2008). "Printsip Uvajeniya Gosudarstvennogo SuvereniteteaOsnovopologayuşiy Printsip Obşego Mejdunarodnogo Prava" [Principle of Respect for State Sovereignty Fundamental Principle of General International Law], Lex Russica, 1(4): 916.
  • Bowett, Derek (1957). "The Use of Force in the Protection of Nationals", Transactions of the Grotius Society, 43( Problems of Public and Private International Law, Transactions for the Year 1957): 111-126.
  • Brownlie, Ian (1963). International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
  • Chatham, Robert (2011). "Defense of Nationals Abroad: The Legitimacy of Russia's Invasion of Georgia" Florida Journal of International Law, 23(1): 75-102.
  • Doswald-Beck, Louise (1985). "The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government", British Yearbook of International Law, 56(1): 189-252.
  • Eichensehr, Kristen (2008). "Defending Nationals Abroad: Assessing the Lawfulness of Forcible Hostage Rescues", Virginia Journal of International Law, 48(2): 452-484.
  • Ertuğrul, Ü. Elçin (2016). "Koruma Sorumluluğu: İnsani Müdahaleyi Makyajlamak", Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (20): 441-470.
  • Farer, Tom J. (1971). "Law and War", Cyril Black ve Robert Falk (eds.), The Future of the International Legal Order (Princeton University Press): 15-81.
  • Glotova, Svetlana (2017). "Zaşita Grajdan za Rubejom kak Pravovoye Osnovaniye dlya Odnostoronnego Silovogo Vmeşatelstva" [Protection of Citizens Abroad as a Legal Basis for Unilateral Military Intervention: Modern Problems Jus Contra Bellum ], Matters of Russian and International Law, 7(11): 32-40.
  • Gordon, David J. (1977). "Use of Force for the Protection of Nationals Abroad: The Entebbe Inciden", Case Western Reserve Journal of Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law International Law, 9(117): 117-134.
  • Green, James (2010). "Passportisation, Peacekeepers and Proportionality: The Russian Claim of the Protection of Nationals Abroad in Self-Defence", James Green ve C. Waters (eds.), Conflict in the Caucasus: Implications for International Legal Order (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan): 54-79.
  • Green, James (2014). "Editorial Comment: The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportisation and the Protection of Nationals Revisited", Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 1(1): 3-19.
  • Grimal, Francis ve Graham Melling (2012). "The Protection of Nationals Abroad: Lawfulness or Toleration? A commentary", Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16(3): 541-554.
  • Güven, Onur ve Oliver Ribbelink (2015). "The Protection of Nationals Abroad: A Return to Old Practice? ", Christophe Paulussen vd. (eds.), Fundamental Rights in International and European Law (T.M.C. Asser Press): 45-72. doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-088-6_3
  • İnaç, Hüsamettin ve Tuğba Er Kızıl (2023). "Nottebohm Davası Liechtenstein ve Guatemala, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı – 1953", Anadolu Strateji Dergisi, 5(1):70-86.
  • International Court of Justice (1986). Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America) (New York: UN General Assembly).
  • International Court of Justice (1955). Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein vs. Guatemala) (Lahey: International Court of Justice).
  • Johnstone, Ian (2005). "The Plea of "Necessity" in International Legal Discourse: Humanitarian Intervention and Counter-Terrorism", Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 43: 337-388.
  • Keskin, Funda (1998). Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (Ankara: Mülkiye Birliği Vakfı Yayınları).
  • Keskin, Funda (2002, İlkbahar). "BM ve Kuvvet Kullanma", Avrasya Dosyası, 8(1): 149-174.
  • Kolstoe, Paul (1995). Russians in the Former Soviet Republics (Indiana: Indiana University press).
  • Krılov, Nikolay (2012). "Mejdunarodno-Pravoviye Voprosı zaşiti Grajdan za Rubejom" [International Legal İssues of Protection of Citizens Abroad], Trudi İnstituta Gosudarstva i Prava, 1(5): 10-125.
  • Künnecke, Arndt (2018, Haziran). "The German Federal Law on Integration", Acta Universitatis Carolinae, 1(2): 85-98.
  • Lillich, Richard (1967). "Forcible Self-Help by States for Protect Human Rights", Iowa Law Review (53): 325-351.
  • Mejdunarodnaya Jizn (2019). Problemı Gumanitarnoy İnterventsii i Zaşitı Grajdan za Rubejom [Problems of humanitarian intervention and protection of citizens abroad], Krugliy Stol. 7, s. 16-33. https://interaffairs.ru/jauthor/material/57 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2023).
  • Müllerson, Rein (2008, Eylül 2008). The World After the Russia-Georgia War, Kasım 28, 2023 tarihinde Open Democracy: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/theworld-after-the-russia-georgia-war/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023).
  • Novoseltsev, Aleksey (2018). "Ob İspolzovanii Pravozaşitnoy Problematiki dlya Vmeşatelstva vo Vnutreniye Dela Suverennih Gosudarst" [About Using the Right Protection Agenda With a View to İnterfere in Mutual Affairs of States], Gosudarstvennaya Slujba i Kadrı, 1(2): 156-159.
  • Okolyolova, Yulia (2019). "Mejdunarodno-Pravoviye Osnovı Zaşitı Grajdan Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Projivayuşih za Granitsey" [The International Legal Framework for The Protection of citizens of The Russian Federation who Live Abroad], Zakon i Pravo, 1(8): 32-34.
  • Reisman, Michael (1971). "Sanctions and Enforcement", Cyril Black ve Richard Falk (eds.), The Future of the International Legal Order (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press): 273-335.
  • Ronzitti, Natallino (1985). Rescuing Nationals Abroad Through Military Coercion and Intervention on Grounds of Humanity (Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff).
  • Ruys, Tom (2008). "The 'Protection of Nationals' Doctrine Revisited", Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13(2): 233-271.
  • Ruys, Tom (2014). "The Meaning of "Force" And The Boundaries of The Jus Ad Bellum: Are "Minimal" Uses of Force Excluded From UN Charter Article 2(4)?", The American Journal of International Law, 108(2): 159-210.
  • Schachter, Oscar (1984). "The Right of States to Use Armed Force", Michigan Law Review Michigan Law Review, 82(5): 1620-1646.
  • Schachter, Oscar (1985). "International Law in The Hostage Crisis: Implications for Future Cases", W. Christopher (eds.), American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press): 325-373.
  • Sloane, Robert (2009). Breaking the Genuine Link: The Contemporary International Legal. Harvard Law School, 50(1): 1-60, https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/489/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2023).
  • Smale, Alison ve Stiven Erlanger (2014, Mart 3). "Ukraine Mobilizes Reserve Troops, Threatening War", New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/world/europe/ukraine.html?hp&_r=2 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2023).
  • Tuzmukhamedov, Bakhtiyar (2012). "Legislative Regulation of Trans-boundary Use of Armed Force: Russian Case Study", Lauri Mälksoo vd. (eds.), Baltic Yearbook of International Law (Leiden: Brill): 57-74.
  • Umland, Andreas (2008, Ağustos 26). "A Shield of a Passport: Moscow Uses Russian Citizenship as a Tool for", Global Politician, http://www.globalpolitician.com/25140-russia (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2023).
  • Vestnik Diplomatiçeskoy Akademii MİD Rossii (2010). Ekspertniye Rekomendatsii o Protivopravnosti Gumanitarnoy İnterventsii i Pravomernosti Zaşiti Grajdan Za Rubejom v Sootvetstvii s Mejdunarodnim Pravom (Moskova: MİD Rosii).
  • Voice of America: World News (2014, Mart 3). "Lavrov: Troops in Crimea Protecting Russian Citizens", Voice of America: World News, www.voanews.com/content/lavrov-troops-in-crimea-protecting-russian-citizens/1863103.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2023).
  • Waldock, Claud H. (1951). "The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law", Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, 81: 451–517.
  • Waller, Marc (2014, Mart 19). "The Shadow of the Gun", New Law Journal, https://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/content/shadow-gun (Erişim Tarihi:09.11.2023).
  • Wingfield, Thomas (2000). "Forcible Protection of Nationals Abroad", Dickinson Law Review, 3(104): 439-469.
  • Wisehart, Daniel (2014, Mart 4). "The Crisis in Ukraine and the Prohibition of the Use of Force: A Legal Basis for Russia’s Intervention?", Kasım 28, 202 tarihinde EJIL: Talk, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-crisis-in-ukraine-and-theprohibition-of-the-use-of-force-a-legal-basis-for-russias-intervention/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2023).
  • Yılmaz, E. Alper ve Orhan Irk (2015, Haziran). "Nikaragua Divan Kararları Işığında Kuvvet Kullanma ve Meşru Müdafaa Sorunu", CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2): 151-166.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Law
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Güzel Yıldız 0000-0002-7507-1335

Publication Date December 11, 2024
Submission Date March 20, 2024
Acceptance Date May 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Yıldız, G. (2024). Yurt Dışındaki Vatandaşlarını Korumak için Kuvvet Kullanma: Rusya Federasyonu’nun Gürcistan ve Ukrayna’ya Müdahaleleri. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 55, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.58699/tyir.1455980