Güvenli Bölge Teorisi ve Pratiği: Siviller İçin Güvenlik Mi Yoksa İnsani Krizlerde Yeni İstisna Durumları Mı?

Year 2021, Volume: 52, 37 - 60, 27.12.2021

Gözde Turan

Abstract

Güvenli bölge kavramının sadece coğrafi anlamda sınırlarla tanımlı bir alan değil, sosyal bir yapı olduğu noktasından hareketle bu çalışmada, silahlı çatışma durumunda risk altındaki sivillerin sınırlı bir alanda tutulmasının güvenlik sorunlarını arttırabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Irak, Bosna, Ruanda ve Suriye örneklerini Agamben’in homo sacer kavramı etrafında ele alan çalışma, çatışma durumunda bu bölgelerdeki sivillerin nasıl çıplak hayat kavramı ile tanımlandığını, öldürülmeleri durumunda bu hayatların politik ve hukuki denetimden mahrum bırakıldığını tartışacaktır. Dört örnek olayın karşılaştırmalı bir analizi ile sivillerin güvenlik tehditlerine karşı koyabilme kapasitelerinin ortadan kalktığı ve özellikle dış yardıma bağımlı hale geldikleri, dolayısıyla da yaşadıkları güvenlik sorunlarının genişlediği ve derinleştiği ortaya konulacaktır. Silahlı çatışma durumunda sivilllerin korunması noktasındaki başarısızlıkların nedenlerinin irdelenmesinin yanısıra, güvenli bölgelerin farklı çıkar ve sorunları olan çeşitli aktörler barındıran bir alan olduğunun altı çizilecek; insani krizlerde tam bir askeri ve siyasi yükümlülüğün olmadığı durumlarda risk altında insan gruplarının kapalı alanda kalmalarının doğuracağı olumsuz sonuçlar tartışılacaktır.

Keywords

Agamben, homo sacer, güvenli bölge, Irak, Bosna, Ruanda, Suriye

Safe Area Theory and Practice: Security for Civilians or Creating New States of Exception during Humanitarian Crises?

Abstract

Drawing on the notion of “safe area” not only as a geographical but also a social construct, this article argues that the efforts of aiding civilians at risk through confining them to bordered areas increase the insecurities experienced both inside and outside of these areas by multiple actors. Exemplifying four cases – Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Syria – it revokes Agamben’s concept of homo sacer to display how the civilians are reduced to bare lives who are excluded from the political sphere and whose killing has been excluded from political and judicial scrutiny. A comparative study on the four situations indicates widening and deepening insecurities for the civilian populations who lose their manoeuvre capacity to respond to security threats and who become dependent particularly on external aid to survive. While revisiting the main causes of failure to protect civilians at risk during armed conflicts, the article suggests that safe areas should be treated as spatial domains with multiple actors holding competing concerns and interests, and encourages reconsideration of the implications of constructing confined spaces during humanitarian crises without full political and military commitment and liability.

Keywords

Agamben, homo sacer, safe area, Iraq, Bosnia, Rwanda, Syria

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