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Gelişen Zihin Yapısının Okuma Becerilerine İçsel ve Dışsal Motivasyon Kaynakları Bağlamında Etkisinin Aracılık Modelleriyle İncelenmesi: PISA 2018 Türkiye Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 299 - 317, 30.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.32960/uead.982133

Abstract

Bireyin var olan potansiyelini yaşamın her alanında ve her zaman gerçekleştirebilmesi mümkün müdür?
Carol S. Dweck bireylerin potansiyellerini gerçekleştirmesinde rol oynayan etkenlere ilişkin sabit zihin
yapısı ve gelişen zihin yapısı şeklinde iki anahtar kavrama dayalı bir kuram ortaya koymuştur. Gelişen
zihin yapısı kavramı insana ilişkin zekâ, yetenek, kişilik gibi özelliklerin geliştirilebilir olduğu inancı
üzerine kuruludur. Öğrencilerin, 21. yüzyılın öğrenmeye odaklı, yaşam boyu öğrenen, motivasyonu yüksek
bireyler olmalarında gelişen zihin yapısına sahip olmaları önemli görülmektedir. Bu önemin bir sonucu
olarak, PISA 2018’de gelişen zihin yapısı kavramı ilk kez ele alınmıştır. Bu araştırmada, PISA 2018
verilerine dayalı olarak öğrencilerin gelişen zihin yapısına ilişkin özelliklerinin okuma becerileri üzerindeki
etkisinin derinlemesine incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, okuma becerileri üzerindeki doğrudan
etkilerin yanı sıra içsel ve dışsal motivasyon kaynaklarının dolaylı etkileri ortaya koyulmuştur. Okumaktan
keyif alma ve öğretmenin okumaya teşvikinin motivasyon kaynakları olarak ele alındığı çalışmada ilgili
değişkenlerin aracılık etkisi, çoklu aracılık modelinin işe koşulmasıyla belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, gelişen
zihin yapısının okuma becerileri üzerindeki doğrudan etkisinin yanında ilgili değişkenler aracılığında
incelenen dolaylı etkiler de manidardır. Başka bir anlatımla öğrencilerin gelişen zihin yapıları gelişme
gösterdikçe okuma becerilerinde de artış olmakta, bu artışın %24’ü öğrencilerin okumaktan keyif almaları
ve öğretmenin okumaya teşvik etmesi ile açıklanmaktadır.

References

  • Anderman, E. M. & Gray, D. L. (2017). The roles of schools and teachers in fostering competence motivation. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 604-619). The Guilford Press.
  • Arıcı, Ö. (2019). PISA 2015 sonuçlarına göre Türkiye’deki öğrencilerin işbirlikli problem çözme becerileriyle ilişkili faktörlerin aracılık modelleriyle incelenmesi. (Tez No. 535097). [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Akademik Arşiv Sistemi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/73534
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş, Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2018). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. Baskı). Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Claro, S., Paunesku, D. & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Growth mindset tempers the effects of poverty on academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(31), 8664-8668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608207113
  • Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
  • Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
  • Dweck, C. S. (2008). Brainology. Independent Schools https://www.nais.org/magazine/independent-school/winter-2008/brainology/
  • Dweck, C. S. (2009). Who will the 21st-century learners be? Knowledge Quest, 38(2), 8-9. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A215720515/AONE?u=ankara&sid=googleScholar&xid=da0a9304
  • Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets and malleable minds: Implications for giftedness and talent. In R. F. Subotnik, A. Robinson, C. M. Callahan, & E. J. Gubbins (Eds.), Malleable minds: Translating Insights from Psychology and Neuroscience to Gifted Education (pp. 7-18). The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut.
  • Dweck, C. S. & Molden, D. C. (2017). Mindsets: Their impact on competence motivation and acquisition. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 135-154). The Guilford Press. Esparza, J., Shumow, L. & Schmidt, J. A. (2014). Growth mindset of gifted seventh grade students in science. NCSSSMST Journal, 19, 6-13. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1045824.pdf
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Jennings, C. & Cuevas, J. A. (2021). Teacher impact on student growth mindset. Perspectives in Learning, 19(1), 23-38. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/pil/vol19/iss1/4
  • Jose, P. E. (2013). Doing statistical mediation & moderation. Guilford Publications.
  • King, R. B. & Trinidad, J. E. (2021). Growth mindset predicts achievement only among rich students: Examining the interplay between mindset and socioeconomic status. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 24, 635-652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09616-z
  • Kutlu, Ö., Altıntaş, Ö., Kula-Kartal, S., Özyeter, N. T. & Alpayar, Ç. (2019). Okuduğunu anlama becerisinin ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi [The measurement and evaluation of reading comprehension skills]. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 678. ISBN: 978-605-136-474-2. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/69372
  • Kutlu, Ö. & Altıntaş, Ö. (2021). Psikolojik ölçmelerin kısa tarihi ve 21. yüzyılda sınıf içi durum belirleme anlayışı [A brief history of psychological measurements and an approach of classroom assessment in the 21st century]. Trakya Journal of Education, 11(3), 1599-1620. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.896121
  • MacKinnon (2008). Introduction to the statistical mediation analysis. Lawrance Erlbaum Associates.
  • Marzano, R. J. & Heflebower, T. (2012). Teaching and assessing 21st century skills. Marzano Research.
  • McCutchen, K. L., Jones, M. H., Carbonneau, K. J., & Mueller, C. E. (2015). Mindset and standardized testing over time. Learning and Individual Differences 45, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.027
  • MEB (2019). PISA 2018 Türkiye ön raporu. Eğitim Analiz ve Değerlendirme Raporları Serisi, No: 10. MEB Yayınları. http://www.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2019_12/03105347_PISA_2018_Turkiye_On_Raporu.pdf
  • Ng, B. (2018). The neuroscience of growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. Brain Sciences, 8(2), 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020020
  • OECD (2019a). PISA 2018 results (Volume I): What students know and can do. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f07c754-en
  • OECD (2019b). PISA 2018 results (Volume II): Where all students can succeed. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b5fd1b8f-en
  • OECD (2019c). PISA 2018 results (Volume III): What school life means for students’ lives. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/acd78851-en
  • OECD (2019d). PISA 2018 assessment and analytical framework. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b25efab8-en
  • OECD (2019e). PISA 2018 national questionnaires. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-national-questionnaires.htm
  • OECD (2021). Sky’s the limit: Growth mindset, students, and schools in PISA. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/growth-mindset.pdf
  • Outes, I., Sanchez, A., & Vakis, R. (2017). Growth mindset at scale – Increasing school attainment by affecting the mindset of pupils and teachers. [Project]. World Bank. https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Outes-Leon,%20Ingo,%20Sanchez,%20Alan,%20Vakis,%20Renos.%20%20Project-%20Growth%20Mindset%20at%20Scale.pdf
  • Örs Özdil, S. & Kutlu, Ö. (2019). Investigation of the mediator variable effect using BK, Sobel and bootstrap methods (Mathematical literacy case). International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(2), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.189.3
  • Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mind-Set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615571017
  • Pham, T. V. (2017). The performance of Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (MSEM) in comparison to Multilevel Modeling (MLM) in multilevel mediation analysis with non-normal data [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. University of South Florida Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7077
  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods. Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Reid, J. M. (2020). Growth mindset: A key to motivating students in reading. (Publication No. 4782). [Master dissertation, Eastern Illinois University]. Masters Theses. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4782
  • Rogiers, A., Van Keer, H. & Merchie, E. (2020). The profile of the skilled reader: An investigation into the role of reading enjoyment and student characteristics. International Journal of Educational Research, Volume 99, 101512, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.101512
  • Shrout, P. E. & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Yeager, D. S. & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
  • Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M. et al. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573, 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y
  • Wang, D., Yuan, F., & Wang, Y. (2020). Growth mindset and academic achievement in Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of reasoning ability and self-affirmation. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00597-z
Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 299 - 317, 30.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.32960/uead.982133

Abstract

References

  • Anderman, E. M. & Gray, D. L. (2017). The roles of schools and teachers in fostering competence motivation. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 604-619). The Guilford Press.
  • Arıcı, Ö. (2019). PISA 2015 sonuçlarına göre Türkiye’deki öğrencilerin işbirlikli problem çözme becerileriyle ilişkili faktörlerin aracılık modelleriyle incelenmesi. (Tez No. 535097). [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Akademik Arşiv Sistemi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/73534
  • Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş, Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2018). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. Baskı). Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Claro, S., Paunesku, D. & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Growth mindset tempers the effects of poverty on academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(31), 8664-8668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608207113
  • Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C. & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
  • Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
  • Dweck, C. S. (2008). Brainology. Independent Schools https://www.nais.org/magazine/independent-school/winter-2008/brainology/
  • Dweck, C. S. (2009). Who will the 21st-century learners be? Knowledge Quest, 38(2), 8-9. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A215720515/AONE?u=ankara&sid=googleScholar&xid=da0a9304
  • Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets and malleable minds: Implications for giftedness and talent. In R. F. Subotnik, A. Robinson, C. M. Callahan, & E. J. Gubbins (Eds.), Malleable minds: Translating Insights from Psychology and Neuroscience to Gifted Education (pp. 7-18). The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut.
  • Dweck, C. S. & Molden, D. C. (2017). Mindsets: Their impact on competence motivation and acquisition. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 135-154). The Guilford Press. Esparza, J., Shumow, L. & Schmidt, J. A. (2014). Growth mindset of gifted seventh grade students in science. NCSSSMST Journal, 19, 6-13. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1045824.pdf
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Jennings, C. & Cuevas, J. A. (2021). Teacher impact on student growth mindset. Perspectives in Learning, 19(1), 23-38. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/pil/vol19/iss1/4
  • Jose, P. E. (2013). Doing statistical mediation & moderation. Guilford Publications.
  • King, R. B. & Trinidad, J. E. (2021). Growth mindset predicts achievement only among rich students: Examining the interplay between mindset and socioeconomic status. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 24, 635-652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09616-z
  • Kutlu, Ö., Altıntaş, Ö., Kula-Kartal, S., Özyeter, N. T. & Alpayar, Ç. (2019). Okuduğunu anlama becerisinin ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi [The measurement and evaluation of reading comprehension skills]. Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 678. ISBN: 978-605-136-474-2. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/69372
  • Kutlu, Ö. & Altıntaş, Ö. (2021). Psikolojik ölçmelerin kısa tarihi ve 21. yüzyılda sınıf içi durum belirleme anlayışı [A brief history of psychological measurements and an approach of classroom assessment in the 21st century]. Trakya Journal of Education, 11(3), 1599-1620. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.896121
  • MacKinnon (2008). Introduction to the statistical mediation analysis. Lawrance Erlbaum Associates.
  • Marzano, R. J. & Heflebower, T. (2012). Teaching and assessing 21st century skills. Marzano Research.
  • McCutchen, K. L., Jones, M. H., Carbonneau, K. J., & Mueller, C. E. (2015). Mindset and standardized testing over time. Learning and Individual Differences 45, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.027
  • MEB (2019). PISA 2018 Türkiye ön raporu. Eğitim Analiz ve Değerlendirme Raporları Serisi, No: 10. MEB Yayınları. http://www.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2019_12/03105347_PISA_2018_Turkiye_On_Raporu.pdf
  • Ng, B. (2018). The neuroscience of growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. Brain Sciences, 8(2), 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020020
  • OECD (2019a). PISA 2018 results (Volume I): What students know and can do. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f07c754-en
  • OECD (2019b). PISA 2018 results (Volume II): Where all students can succeed. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b5fd1b8f-en
  • OECD (2019c). PISA 2018 results (Volume III): What school life means for students’ lives. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/acd78851-en
  • OECD (2019d). PISA 2018 assessment and analytical framework. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b25efab8-en
  • OECD (2019e). PISA 2018 national questionnaires. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-national-questionnaires.htm
  • OECD (2021). Sky’s the limit: Growth mindset, students, and schools in PISA. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/growth-mindset.pdf
  • Outes, I., Sanchez, A., & Vakis, R. (2017). Growth mindset at scale – Increasing school attainment by affecting the mindset of pupils and teachers. [Project]. World Bank. https://riseprogramme.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Outes-Leon,%20Ingo,%20Sanchez,%20Alan,%20Vakis,%20Renos.%20%20Project-%20Growth%20Mindset%20at%20Scale.pdf
  • Örs Özdil, S. & Kutlu, Ö. (2019). Investigation of the mediator variable effect using BK, Sobel and bootstrap methods (Mathematical literacy case). International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(2), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.189.3
  • Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mind-Set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615571017
  • Pham, T. V. (2017). The performance of Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (MSEM) in comparison to Multilevel Modeling (MLM) in multilevel mediation analysis with non-normal data [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. University of South Florida Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7077
  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods. Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  • Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Reid, J. M. (2020). Growth mindset: A key to motivating students in reading. (Publication No. 4782). [Master dissertation, Eastern Illinois University]. Masters Theses. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4782
  • Rogiers, A., Van Keer, H. & Merchie, E. (2020). The profile of the skilled reader: An investigation into the role of reading enjoyment and student characteristics. International Journal of Educational Research, Volume 99, 101512, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.101512
  • Shrout, P. E. & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Trilling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Yeager, D. S. & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
  • Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M. et al. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573, 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y
  • Wang, D., Yuan, F., & Wang, Y. (2020). Growth mindset and academic achievement in Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of reasoning ability and self-affirmation. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00597-z
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Other Fields of Education, Studies on Education
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Özge Altıntaş 0000-0001-5779-855X

Özge Arıcı 0000-0003-0182-6739

Publication Date October 30, 2021
Acceptance Date October 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altıntaş, Ö., & Arıcı, Ö. (2021). Gelişen Zihin Yapısının Okuma Becerilerine İçsel ve Dışsal Motivasyon Kaynakları Bağlamında Etkisinin Aracılık Modelleriyle İncelenmesi: PISA 2018 Türkiye Örneği. Ulusal Eğitim Akademisi Dergisi, 5(2), 299-317. https://doi.org/10.32960/uead.982133