Sırbistan-Kosova İlişkilerinin Normalleşmesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Rolü

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı Sırbistan-Kosova ilişkilerinin normalleşmesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) nasıl bir rol oynadığını incelemektir. Çalışma, öncelikle, Sırbistan’da Avrupalılaşma fikrinin zayıf olması ve pek olumlu olmaması, Milošević rejiminin yöneticilerinin Milošević sonrası dönemde de yerlerini koruması, Sırbistan’da Avrupalılaşma taraftarı elitlerin zayıflığı, ülkede Batı’ya ve AB’ye karşı var olan güvensizlik, Rusya’nın ülkedeki siyasi ve ekonomik etkisi ve devlet ve toplum inşa etmenin Sırbistan’ın enerjisinin ve zamanının büyük bir kısmını almasının Sırbistan’ın Avrupalılaşmasının gecikmesine yol açtığını, bunun da AB’nin Kosova meselesinde oynadığı rolü geciktirdiğini iddia etmektedir. Bunun yanında makale, AB’nin Priştine ve Belgrad’ı müzakereler için bir araya getirmeyi başarmış olmasına ve müzakereler sonucunda Sırbistan ve Kosova’nın Brüksel anlaşmalarını imzalamalarına rağmen bu anlaşmaların uygulanmasının tam olarak başarılı olamaması nedeniyle Belgrad-Priştine ilişkilerinin normalleşmesinde AB’nin kısmi bir başarıya sahip olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Makalede yöntem olarak nitel yöntemlere başvurulmuştur. Birincil kaynaklar (liderlerin konuşmaları ve kurumların yaptıkları açıklamalar vb.) taranmış ve elde edilen bilgiler ikincil kaynaklara (kitaplar, araştırma raporları, akademik dergi makaleleri, analizler vb.) başvurularak yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

• AB Aracılığı
• Avrupalılaşma
• Sırbistan
• Kosova
• Normalleşme

The Role of the European Union in the Normalization of Serbia-Kosovo Relations

Abstract

The aim of this article is to examine the role played by the European Union (EU) in the normalization of relations between Serbia and Kosovo. The study argues that several factors have delayed Serbia’s Europeanization such as the EU’s involvement in the Kosovo issue: the weak and often negative perception of Europeanization in Serbia, the continued presence of officials from the Milošević regime in the post-Milošević era, the weakness of pro-European elites, the prevailing mistrust towards the West and the EU within the country, the political and economic impact of Russia in the country and the fact that state- and nation-building have consumed much of Serbia’s time and energy. In addition, the article suggests that although the EU succeeded in bringing Pristina and Belgrade to the negotiating table and led to the signing of the Brussels Agreements between Serbia and Kosovo, the failure to fully implement these agreements means that the EU has only achieved partial success in normalizing Belgrade-Pristina relations. The methodology of the article is based on qualitative research methods. Primary sources (such as speeches by leaders and statements from institutions) were reviewed, and the information obtained was interpreted with reference to secondary sources (such as books, research reports, academic journal articles, and analyses).

Keywords

• EU Mediation
• Europeanization
• Serbia
• Kosovo
• Normalization

References

1. Arbatov, A. G. (2000). The Kosovo Crisis: The End of the Post-Cold War Era. Occasional Paper, The Atlantic Council. Erişim adresi: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/the-kosovo-crisis-the-end-of-the-postcold-war-era
2. Balkans Policy Research Group. (2020a). Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue: Path to the Agreement, Policy Article, Erişim adresi: https://balkansgroup.org/en/kosovo-serbia-dialogue-path-to-the-agreement/, 05.10.2020.
3. Balkans Policy Research Group. (2020b). The Brussels Dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia: Achievements and Challenges, Policy Report.
4. Batt, J. (2005). The Question of Serbia, Chaillot Paper, European Union Institute for Security Studies. No: 81. Erişim adresi: https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/cp081-English.pdf
5. Bechev, D. (2019). Why is the EU Punching below its Weight in the Western Balkans? Al Jazeera, Erişim adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/5/1/why-is-the-eu-punching-below-its-weight-in-the-western-balkans, 01.05.2019.
6. Bieber, F. (2015). The Serbia-Kosovo Agreements: An EU Success Story? Review of Central and East European Law, 40, 285-319.
7. Börzel, T. (2011). When Europeanization Hits Limited Statehood: The Western Balkans as a Test Case for the Transformative Power of Europe. KFG Working Paper, 30, Freie Universität Berlin.
8. Bretherton C. ve Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a Global Actor. New York: Routledge.

9. Bytyci, F. (2020). Kosovo President Rejects EU Mediator for Talks with Serbia, Reuters, Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kosovo-serbia-eu/kosovo-president-rejects-eu-mediator-for-talks-with-serbia-idUSKBN2322BR/, 26.05.2020.
10. Clark, J. N. (2008). Vojislav Koštunica – Some Reflections on his Time as Serbian Premier. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 10(1), 31-46.
11. Conley, H. A. ve Saric, D. (2021). The Serbia-Kosovo Normalization Process: A Temporary U.S. Decoupling. CSIS Briefs, Erişim adresi: https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/210527_Conley_Serbia_Kosovo_Normalization.pdf?VersionId=.21Hry3HPFOAwZTC0BbJaZjcVSMfTGqF
12. Council of the European Union. (2014). General EU Position. Ministerial Meeting Opening of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Accession of Serbia to the European Union. (AD 1/14). Erişim adresi: http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/AD-1-2014-INIT/en/ pdf, 09.01.2014.
13. Council of the European Union. (2015). Council Decision (EU) 2015/1988 of 22 October 2015 on the Signing, on Behalf of the Union, of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the One Part, and Kosovo, of the Other Part. Erişim adresi: http:// data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2015/1988/oj, 22.10.2015.
14. Cowles, M. G., Caporaso, J. A. ve Risse, T. (2001). Europeanization and Domestic Change. T. Risse, M. G. Cowles ve J. A. Caporaso (Ed.), Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change (s. 1-20) içinde. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
15. Diez, T., Stetter, S. ve Albert, M. (2006). The European Union and Border Conflicts: The Transformative Power of Integration. International Organization, 60(3), 563-593.
16. Dragas, O. (2024). Sırbistan ile Rusya Gerçekten Müttefik Mi? Mepa News, Erişim adresi: https://www.mepanews.com/sirbistan-ile-rusya-gercekten-muttefik-mi-14370yy.htm, 20.09.2024.
17. European Commission. (1999). Stabilisation and Association Process for Countries of South-Eastern Europe – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania. (COM/99/235). Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:51999DC0235, 26.05.1999.
18. European Commission. (2003). EU-Western Balkans Summit Thessaloniki. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/pres_03_163, 21.06.2003.
19. European Commission. (2012). EU-Kosovo: Further Step to Consolidate Rule of Law. Erişim adresi: https:// ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_12_394, 30.05.2012.
20. European Commission. (2020). Serbia 2020 Report. SWD(2020) 352 final, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-10/serbia_report_2020.pdf, 06.10.2020.
21. European Commission. (2023a). Serbia 2023 Report. SWD(2023) 695 final, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_695_Serbia.pdf, 08.11.2023.
22. European Commission. (2023b). Kosovo 2023 Report. SWD(2023) 692 final, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_692%20Kosovo%20report_0.pdf, 08.11.2023.
23. European Council. (2013). Conclusions. (EUCO 104/2/13 REV 2), Brussels. Erişim adresi: https:// register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/13/st00/st00104-re02.en13.pdf, 28.06.2013.
24. European Council. (2023). Special Meeting of the European Council – Conclusions. EUCO 1/23, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-1-2023-INIT/en/pdf, 09.02.2023.
25. EUR-Lex. (t.y.). Glossary of Summaries: Accession Criteria (Copenhagen Criteria). Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/accession-criteria-copenhagen-criteria.html
26. European External Action Service. (2016). Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. Erişim adresi: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf
27. European Economic and Social Committee. (2012). Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the-The Role of the European Union in Peace Building in External Relations: Best Practice and Perspectives. Rapporteur: Ms Morrice, REX/326-CESE 156/201 EN/o, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/our-work/opinions-information-reports/opinions/role-eu-peace-building-external-relations-best-practice-and-perspectives, 19.01.2012.
28. European Parliament. (2010). Resolution of 8 July 2010 on the European integration Process of Kosovo. (P7_TA (2010) 0281). Erişim adresi: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-7-2010-0281_ EN.html, 08.07.2010.
29. European Parliamentary Research Service. (2018). Peace and Security in 2018: An Evaluation of EU Peacebuilding in the Western Balkans. Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/621816/EPRS_STU(2018)621816_EN.pdf
30. European Union External Action. (t.y.) Integrated Approach for Security and Peace Directorate. Erişim adresi: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/isp2_mediation_factsheet_for_publication_20022021.pdf
31. EU’s Direct Financial Assistance to Kosovo Exceeds €1.3 Billion. (2023). Webalkans.eu. Erişim adresi: https://webalkans.eu/en/news/eus-direct-financial-assistance-to-kosovo-exceeds-e1-3-billion/, 31.03.2023.
32. Featherstone, K. ve Radaelli, C. (2003). The Politics of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Glenny, M. (2004). The Kosovo Question and Regional Stability. J. Butt (Ed.) Western Balkans: Moving On, Chaillot Papers, No: 70, (s. 87-98) içinde. European Union Institute for Security Studies.
34. Government of the Republic of Serbia Ministry of European Integraion. (t.y.). EU Funds. Erişim adresi: https://www.mei.gov.rs/eng/funds/eu-funds/
35. Grabbe, H. (2013). How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity, Journal of European Public Policy, 8(6), 1013-1031.
36. Gray, A., Vasovic, A. ve Bytyci, F. (2023). Serbia, Kosovo Back Normalising Ties but Need More Talks – EU’s Borrell. Reuters, Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/serbia-kosovo-agree-normalising-ties-need-more-talks-eus-borrell-2023-02-27/, 27.02.2023.
37. Günay, H. (2024). Avrupa Birliği Üye Ülkelerinde ve Sırbistan’da Yeniden Gündeme Gelen Zorunlu Askerliğin Rusya Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi, İstanbul Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 213-225.
38. Heemskerk, M. (2020). Bringing Europe to the Western Balkans: The Europeanisation of Croatia and Serbia Compared, EU Diplomacy Papers, 6/2020, College of Europe.
39. International Crisis Group. (2009). Serb Integration in Kosovo: Taking the Plunge. Europe Report No: 200, 12.05.2009.
40. Ker-Lindsay, J. (2009). From Autonomy to Independence: the Evolution of International Thinking on Kosovo, 1998-2005. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 11(2), 141-156.
41. Koleka, B. (2018). Kosovo Hits Serbia, Bosnia with 100 percent Customs Fees after Interpol Snub. Reuters, Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1NQ29V/, 21.11.2018.
42. Kosova’yı 5 yıl İçinde Yalnızca İki Ülke Tanıdı. (2023). Kosova Report, Erişim adresi: https://www.kosovaport.com/kosovayi-5-yil-icinde-yalnizca-iki-ulke-tanidi/, 16.08.2023.
43. Kutlay, M. (2018). The Transformative Power of the EU in a Changing International Order. Perceptions, 23(1), 8-26.
44. Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-258.
45. Muharremi, R. (2021). The “Washington Agreement” between Kosovo and Serbia. Insights, 25(4), Erişim adresi: https://www.asil.org/sites/default/files/ASIL_Insights_2021_V25_I4.pdf, 12.03.2021.
46. Noutcheva, G. (2009). Fake, Partial and Imposed Compliance: the Limits of the EU’s Normative Power in the Western Balkans. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(7), 1065-1084.
47. Özdağ, A. ve Önal, T. (2017). Kosova Sorunu ve Kosova’nın Bağımsızlık Süreci, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 61, 556-571.
48. PM Koštunica Outlines Gov’t program. (2007). B92. Erişim adresi: https://www.b92.net/o/eng/comments?nav_id=41239, 16.05.2007.
49. Radeljić, B. (2014). The Politics of (No) Alternatives in Post-Milošević Serbia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(2), 243-259.
50. Russell, M. (2019). Serbia-Kosovo Relations: Confrontation or Normalisation. Briefing, European Parliamentary Research Service. Erişim adresi: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/635512/EPRS_BRI(2019)635512_EN.pdf
51. Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S. ve Knobel, H. (2003). Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. Journal of Common Market Studies, 41(3), 495-518.
52. Schimmelfennig, F. ve Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 661-679.
53. Sedelmeier, U. (2011). Europeanisation in New Member and Candidate States. Living Reviews in European Governance, 6(1).
54. Subotić, J. (2010). Explaining Difficult States: The Problems of Europeanization in Serbia. East European Politics and Societies, 24(4), 595-616.
55. Subotić, J. (2011). Europe is a State of Mind: Identity and Europeanization in the Balkans. International Studies Quarterly, 55(2), 309-330.
56. Teokarevic, J. (2011). Ten Years of Post-Milosevic transition in Serbia. J. Rupnik (Ed.) The Western Balkans and the EU: “The Hour of Europe”, Chaillot Papers, No: 126, (s. 59-78) içinde. European Institute for Security Studies.
57. The Government of the Republic of Serbia. (2013). Kosovo and Serbia, First Agreement on Principles Governing the Normalisation of Relations between Serbia and Kosovo, Brussels. Erişim adresi: https://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice/en/120394, 19.04.2013.
58. Tocci, N. (2008). The EU and Conflict Resolution in Turkey and Georgia: Hindering EU Potential through the Political Management of Contractual Relations. Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(4), 875-897.
59. UN General Assembly. (2010). Request for an Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Whether the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Kosovo is in Accordance with International Law, (A/RES/64/298). Erişim adresi: https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/298, 09.09.2010.
60. UN Security Council. (1998). Document S/1998/272. UN Security Council Resolution 1160(1998). 28.03.1998.
61. Youngs, R. (2009). Democracy Promotion as External Governance? Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 895-915.
62. Zweers, W. ve de Boon, M. (2022). Overcoming EU Internal Dividing Lines in the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue. Policy Brief, Clingendael. Erişim adresi: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/Policy_brief_Overcoming_EU_internal_dividing_lines_Belgrado_Pristine_Dialogue.pdf