Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Kaynakları: Meyve ve Sebze İşleme Yan Ürünleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 189 - 199, 30.12.2024

Şirin Duygu Yeşil , Taylan Aksu

https://doi.org/10.52976/vansaglik.1505845

Öz

Tarımsal endüstriyel yan ürünler, tarım veya meyve-sebze işleme endüstrisi sonucu oluşan, besin madde profilleri yanında, kendilerine has fonksiyonel içeriklerce zengin olan ürünleri ifade etmektedir. Bu özellikleri yanında potansiyel çevre kirleticileri olarak da tanımlanmaktadırlar. FAO tarafından gıda israfı olarak nitelenen bu üretim ile dünya çapında her sene yaklaşık 1.3 milyar ton gıda kaybı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Atık ürün yoğunluğunu minimalize etmek amacıyla çeşitli yöntemler (yakma, depolama ve boşaltma) kullanılarak bu ürünlerin çevre kirletici etkilerinin azaltılması çabaları, yeni çevre kirliliği veya yönetimi sorununu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Meyve ve sebze yan ürünlerinin (MSYÜ) ruminant rasyonlarına ilavesi ile polifenol açısından zengin ve metan üretiminden sorumlu olan metanojenlerin büyümesinin ve etkinliklerinin azaltılarak metan gazı üretiminin azaltılmasında etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca, döngüsel ve endüstriyel ekonomide atık gıdaların hammadde olarak kullanabileceği, sıfır atık toplumları ve ekonomilerini hedefleyen, eko-inovasyon için yol gösterici olduğu belirtilmektedir.
Mevcut derleme, atık olan MSYÜ’ ne ilişkin son verilere genel bakış oluşturarak bu ürünlerin besin değerleri, mali faydaları, sosyal ve çevresel yönleri ile mevsimsel bulunabilirlikleri açısından önemlerini tartışmak, hayvan beslemede kullanılabilme ve atık olarak yönetmlerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meyve, Sebze, Yan ürün, Atık, Besin Maddesi, Hayvan Besleme.

Kaynakça

• Abarghuei MJ, Rouzbehan Y, Salem AZM, Zamiri MJ. (2013). Nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows fed pomegranate peel extract. Livest Science, 157, 452–461.
• Abdollahzadeh F, Pirmohammadi R, Farhoomand P, Fatehi F, Pazhoh FF. (2010). The effect of ensiled mixed tomato and apple pomace on Holstein dairy cow. Italian Journal Animal Science. 9(2), 31–35.
• Abo-Zeid HM, El-Zaiat H.M, Morsy A.S, Attia MFA, Abaza MA, Sallam SMA. (2017). Effects of replacing dietary maize grains with ıncreasing levels of sugar beet pulp on rumen fermentation constituents and performance of growing buffalo calves. Animal Feed Science Technolgy. 234, 128–138.
• Ambigaipalan P, Camargo A.C, Shahidi F. (2016). Phenolic compounds of pomegranate byproducts (outer skin, mesocarp, divider membrane) and their antioxidant activities. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 64, 6584–6604.
• Amer F, Mobaraz S, Basyony M, Mahrose K, El-Medany S. (2019). Effect of using prickly pear and its by-products as alternative feed resources on performance of growing rabbit. Egypt Journal Rabbit Science, 29(1), 99–124.
• Anas MA, Hasanah H, Agus A. (2021). The potency of traditional market vegetable waste as ruminant feed in the special region of Yogyakarta, Advances Animal Veterinary Sciences, vol 9, no. 9, pp. 1416-1423.
• Arco-Pérez A, Ramos-Morales E, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Abecia L, Martín-García AI. (2017). Nutritive evaluation and milk quality of ıncluding of tomato or olive by-products silages with sunflower oil in the diet of dairy goats. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 232, 57–70.
• Assis AJ, Campos JMdS, Valadares Filho SdC, Queiroz AC, Lana RdP, Euclydes RF et all. (2004). Citrus pulp in diets for milking cows. 1. ıntake of nutrients, milk production and composition. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33, 242–250.
• Bakshi MPS, Wadhwa M, Makkar HP. (2016). Waste to worth: vegetable wastes as animal feed, CABI Reviews, 11(12), 1-26.
• Bonilla F. (1999). Extraction of phenolic compounds from red grape marc for use as food lipid antioxidants. Food Chemistry, 66, 209–215.
• Branciari R, Galarini R, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Miraglia D, Roila R, Acuti G et al. (2021). Effects of olive mill vegetation water phenol metabolites transferred to muscle through animal diet on rabbit meat microbial quality. Sustainability, 13, 4522.
• Correddu F, Nudda A, Battacone G, Boe R, Francesconi AD, Pulina G. (2015). Effects of grape seed supplementation, alone or associated with linseed, on ruminal metabolism in sarda dairy sheep. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 199, 61–72.
• Čolović D, Rakita S, Banjac V, Ðuragic O, Cˇ abarkapa I. (2019). Plant food by-products as feed: characteristics, possibilities, environmental benefits, and negative sides. Food Reviews International, 35, 363–389.
• Cribbs JT, Bernhard BC, Young TR, Jennings MA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Carroll JA et all. (2015). Dehydrated citrus pulp alters feedlot performance of crossbred heifers during the receiving period and modulates serum metabolite concentrations before and after an endotoxin challenge. Journal Animal Science, 93, 5791–5800.
• Devi S, Gupta C, Jat SL, Parmar MS. (2017). Crop residue recycling for economic and environmental sustainability: The Case of India Open Agriculture, 2, 486–494.
• Elmorsy AM, Shoukry MM, Soliman SM, Soliman MM. (2022). Influence of using pomegranate peel silage in rations of dairy cows on their productive performance. Houston TX, USA.
• Ezeldin I, Elbashier OM, Omer SA. (2014).Evaluation of some vegetable wastes as feedstuff for ruminants. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online), 2319-7064.
• FAO. (2019). Global food losses and food waste—extent, causes, and prevention. Rome. Fang J, Xia G, Cao Y. (2020). Effects of replacing commercial material with apple pomace on the fermentation quality of total mixed ration silage and ıts digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation in wethers. Grassly Science, 66, 124–131.
• Feedipedia. (2015). Animal feed resources ınformation system. Available online: http://www.feedipedia. org. Fernández PdF, Mantecón ÁR, Angulo GH, García FJG. (2004). Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal Agriculture Research, 2, 191–202.
• Foiklang S,Wanapat M, Norrapoke T. (2016). Effect of grape pomace powder, mangosteen peel powder and monensin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29, 1416–1423.
• García-Rodríguez J, Ranilla MJ, France J, Alaiz-Moretón H, Carro MD, López S. (2019). Chemical composition, ın vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics of agro-ındustrial by-products. Animals, 9(11),861–813.
• Galanakis CM. (2012). Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications. Trends Food Science Technolgy, 26, 68–87.
• Gerber PJ, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, Mottet A, Opio C, Dijkman J et al. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock – a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
• Giller K, Bossut L, Eggerschwiler L, Terranova M. (2021). In vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability as affected by fruit and vegetable pomaces in differing concentrations. Journal Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 106, 957–967.
• Guerra-Rivas C, Vieira C, Rubio B, Martínez B, Gallardo B, Mantecón AR, et all. (2016). Effects of grape pomace in growing lamb diets compared with vitamin e and grape seed extract on meat shelf life. American Meat Science, 116, 221–229.
• Guerra-Rivas C, Gallardo B, Mantecón ÁR, Álamo-Sanza M, Manso T. (2017). Evaluation of grape pomace from red wine by-product as feed for sheep. Journal Science Food Agriculture, 97, 1885–1893.
• Hatami A, Alipour D, Hozhabri F, Tabatabaei M. (2018). Effect of different levels of pomegranate marc with or without polyethyleneglycol on performance, nutrients digestibility and protozoal population in growing lambs. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 235, 15–22.
• Henderson B, Falcucci A, Mottet A, Early L, Werner B, Steinfeld H et al. (2017). Marginal costs of abating greenhouse gases in the global ruminant livestock sector. Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change, 22, 199–224.
• Jalal H, Giammarco M, Lanzoni L, Akram MZ, Mammi LME, Vignola G et all. (2023). Potential of fruits and vegetable by-products as an alternative feed source for sustainable ruminant nutrition and production: A Review. Agriculture, 13, 286.
• Pitta DW, Indugu N, Melgar A, Hristov A, Challa K, Vecchiarelli B et al. (2022). The efect of 3-nitrooxypropanol, a potent methane inhibitor, on ruminal microbial gene expression profles in dairy cows. BioMed Central, 10,146.
• Jami E, Shabtay A, Nikbachat M, Yosef E, Miron J, Mizrahi I. (2012). Effects of adding a concentrated pomegranate-residue extract to the ration of lactating cows on in vivo digestibility and profile of rumen bacterial population. Journal of Dairy Science. 95, 5996–6005.
• Jerónimo E, Alfaia CMM, Alves SP, Dentinho MTP, Prates JAM, Vasta V et al. (2012). Effect of dietary grape seed extract and cistus ladanifer l. in combination with vegetable oil supplementation on lamb meat quality. American Meat Science, 92, 841–847.
• Kasapidou E. Sossidou E, Mitlianga P. (2015). Fruit and vegetable co-products as functional feed ıngredients in farm animal nutrition for ımproved product quality. Agriculture, 5, 1020-1034.
• Kamra DN, Pawar M, Singh B. (2012). Effect of plant secondary metabolites on rumen methanogens and methane emissions by ruminants. ın dietary phytochemicals and microbes; Patra, A.K., Ed.; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 351–370. ISBN 978-94-007-3926-0.
• Khiaosa-ard R, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Ahmed S, Muro-Reyes A, Deckardt K, Chizzola R et al. (2015). Fortification of dried distillers grains plus solubles with grape seed meal in the diet modulates methane mitigation and rumen microbiota in rusitec. Journal Dairy Science, 98, 2611–2626.
• Kim ET, Guan LL, Lee SJ, Lee SM, Lee SS, Lee ID et al. (2015). Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on ın vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations and fermentation characteristics. Journal Animal Science, 28, 530–537.
• Lanza M, Scerra M, Bognanno M, Buccioni A, Cilione C, Biondi L et al. (2018). Fatty acid metabolism in lambs fed citrus pulp. Journal Animal Science. 93, 3179–3188.
• Lutterodt H, Slavin M, Whent M, Turner E, Yu L (2011). Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours. Food Chemistry, 128, 391–399.
• Mahgoub O, Kadim IT, Eltahir Y, Al-Lawatia S, Al-Ismaili AM. (2018). Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste nutritional value of vegetable wastes as livestock feed. SQU Journal for Science, 23(2), 78-84.
• Mar KA, Unger C, Walderdorff L, Butler T. (2022). Beyond CO2 equivalence: The impacts of methane on climate, ecosystems, and health. Environmental Science and Policy, 134, 127-136.
• Marcos CN, Evan T, Molina-Alcaide E, Carro MD. (2019). Nutritive value of tomato pomace for ruminants and ıts ınfluence on ın vitro methane production animals. National Library of Medicine, Madrid, İspanya. 9, 343.
• Martín García AI, Moumen A, Yáñez Ruiz DR, Molina Alcaide E. (2003). Chemical composition and nutrients availability for goats and sheep of two-stage olive cake and olive leaves. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 107, 61–74.
• Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A, Maheri-Sis N. (2008). Nutritive value of some agroındustrial by-products for ruminants—A Review. World Journal Zoology, 3, 40–46.
• Moate PJ, Williams SRO, Torok VA, Hannah MC, Ribaux BE, Tavendale MH et al. (2014). Grape marc reduces methane emissions when fed to dairy cows. Journal Dairy Science, 97, 5073–5087.
• Moate PJ, Jacobs JL, Hixson JL, Deighton MH, Hannah MC, Morris GL et al. (2020). Effects of feeding either red or white grape marc on milk production and methane emissions from early-lactation dairy cows. Animals, 10, 976.
• Montes F, Meinen R, Dell C, Rotz A, Hristov AN, Oh J et al. (2013) Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: II. a review of manure management mitigation options. Journal Animal Science, 91, 5070–5094.
• Muhammad ZJ, Muhammad S, Shoukat AB, Muhammad QB, Fayyaz A, Fawwad A et al. (2016). Nutrient ıntake, nitrogen balance and growth performance in buffalo calves fed citrus pulp as a concentrate source. African Journal Agricultural Research, 11, 2562–2568.
• Nudda A, Buffa G, Atzori AS, Cappai MG, Caboni P, Fais G et al. (2019). Small amounts of agro-ındustrial byproducts in dairy ewes diets affects milk production traits and hematological parameters. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 251, 76–85.
• Oreopoulou V, Tzia C. (2007). Utilization of plant by-products for the recovery of proteins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and colorants. In utilization of by-products and treatment of waste in the food ındustry; oreopoulou, v., winfried, r., eds.; springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 209–232.
• Ozturk B, Parkinson C, Gonzalez-Miquel M. (2018). Extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from orange peelwaste using deep eutectic solvents. Separation Purification Technolgy, 206, 1–13.
• Önel SE, Aksu T, Alaşahan S. (2021). Ruminantlarda enterik metan emisyonunu azaltma stratejilerinde tanenlerin rolü ve önemi. Kadirli Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 127-138.
• Palmonari A, Cavallini D, Sniffen CJ, Fernandes L, Holder P, Fusaro I et al. (2021). In vitro evaluation of sugar digestibility in molasses. Italian Journal Animal Science, 20, 571–577.
• Pirmohammadi R, Golgasemgarebagh A, Mohsenpur-Azari A. (2007). Effects of ensiling and drying of white grape pomace on chemical composition, degradability and digestibility for ruminants. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(9), 1079-1082.
• Quideau S, De_eux D, Douat-Casassus C, Pouységu L. (2011). Plant polyphenols: chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50, 586–621.
• Röös E, Bajželj B, Smith P, Patel M, Little D, Garnett T. (2017). Greedy or Needy? Land use and climate ımpacts of food in 2050 under different livestock futures. Global Environmental Change; 47, 1–12.
• Salami SA, Luciano G, O’Grady MN, Biondi L, Newbold CJ, Kerry JP et al. (2019). ustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37–55. Saritha M, Arora A. (2012). Lata biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates for enhanced delignification and enzymatic digestibility. Indian Journal Microbiology, 52, 122–130.
• Santos GT, Lima LS, Schogor ALB, Romero JV, De Marchi FE, Grande PA et al. (2014). Citrus pulp as a dietary source of antioxidants for lactating holstein cows fed highly polyunsaturated fatty acid diets. Asian-Australasian Journal Animal Science, 27, 1104–1113. Saunois M, Bousquet P, Poulter B, Peregon A, Ciais P, Canadell JG et al. (2016). The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth System Science, 8(2), 697–751.
• Sol C, Castillejos L, López-Vergé S, Gasa J. (2017). Prediction of the digestibility and energy contents of non-conventional by-products for pigs from their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 234, 237–243.
• Sharif M, Ashraf MS, Mushtaq N, Nawaz H, Mustafa MI, Ahmad F et al. (2018). Influence of varying levels of dried citrus pulp on nutrient ıntake, growth performance and economic efficiency in lambs. Journal Applied. Animal Research, 46, 264–268. Spanghero M, Salem AZM, Robinson PH. (2009). Chemical composition, ıncluding secondary metabolites, and rumen fermentability of seeds and pulp of californian (USA) and italian grape pomaces. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 152, 243–255.
• Steyn L, Meeske R, Cruywagen CW. (2018). The effect of replacing maize with dried apple pomace in the concentrate on performance of jersey cows grazing kikuyu pasture. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 239, 85–93. Tavendale MH, Meagher LP, Pacheco D, Walker N, Attwood GT, Sivakumaran S. (2005). Methane production from in vitro rumen ıncubations with lotus pedunculatus and medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 123–124, 403–419. Teixeira A, Baenas N, Dominguez-Perles R, Barros A, Rosa E, Moreno DA et al. (2014). Natural bioactive compounds fromwinery by-products as health promoters: A Review. International Journal Molecular Sciences, 15, 15638.
• Vali L, Stefanovits-Banyai E, Szentmihalyi K, Febel H, Sardi E, Lugasi A et all. (2007). Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. Rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion, Nutrition, 23, 172–178.
• Vastolo A, Calabrò S, Cutrignelli MIA. (2022). Review on the use of agro-ındustrial co-products in animals’ diets. Italian Journal Animal Science, 21, 577–594. Villarreal M, Cochran RC, Rojas-Bourrillón A, Murillo O, Muñoz H, Poore M. (2006). Effect of supplementation with pelleted citrus pulp on digestibility and ıntake in beef cattle fed a tropical grass-based diet (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 125, 163–173. Vrhovsek U, Rigo A, Tonon D, Mattivi F. (2004). Quantitation of polyphenols in different apple varieties. Journal Agriculture Food Chemstry, 52, 6532–6538.
• Zhao JX, Li Q, Zhang RX, Liu WZ, Ren YS, Zhang CX et al. (2018). Effect of dietary grape pomace on growth performance, meat quality and antioxidant activity in ram lambs. Animal Feed Science Technolgy, 236, 76–85