Abiyotik ve Biyotik Stres Şartlarında Silisyumun Rolü

Öz

Bu çalışmada bitkilerin olumsuz çevresel faktörler karşısında (abiyotik ve biyotik) geliştirdiği mekanizmalarda silisyumun rolü incelenmiştir. Silisyum bitkiler tarafından aktif veya pasif absorbsiyonla Si(OH)₄ anyonu şeklinde alınmaktadır. Abiyotik stres şartlarında kök, yaprak veya kavuzda biriken Si silis asidi şeklinde polimerize olmak suretiyle transpirasyonu azaltarak su stresini önlemektedir. Toprak çözeltisinde Si ile Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb vs kompleksleri oluşturarak olası ağır metal toksitesini azaltır. Hücre duvarının kalınlığını artırmak suretiyle gövdenin dayanıklılığını artırır. Ayrıca etileni (C₂H₄) uyarmak suretiyle yaprakların süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesini (SDA) artırarak hücrede lipidlerin peroksidasyonuna sebep olan reaktif oksijen türlerini (H₂O₂,¹O₂ ve O₃) baskılamaktadır. Biyotik streslerde sitinas, peroksidaz, polipenoksidas aktivasyonunu uyarmakta veya hızlandırmaktadır. Özellikle fitopatolojik hastalıklarda veya entomolojik zararlanma durumlarında Si dikotiledon ve monokotiledon bitkilerde flavonoidler ve anti fungal özelliklere sahip olan düşük molekül ağırlıklı bileşikler oluşturarak bu zararları azaltabilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Silisyum,Stres şartları,Abiyotik,Biyotik

The Role of Silicon in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Conditions

Abstract

In this study, the role of silicon (Si) in the mechanisms developed by plants in response to adverse environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) was investigated. Silicon is taken up in the form of the anion Si(OH)₄ with active or passive absorption by plants. Si accumulating in roots, leaves or husk under abiotic stress conditions prevents water stress  by reducing transpiration by means of polymerizing in the form of silicic acid. Generating Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb etc complexes in the soil solution with silicon reduces the potential heavy metal toxicity. The silicon increases the strength and rigidity of the plant stem increasing the thickness of the cell wall. It also suppresses reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂,¹O₂ and O₃) which cause peroxidation of lipids in the cell by increasing the superoxide dismutase activity (SDA) of the leaves inducing ethylene (C₂H₄). It stimulates or accelerates the activation of sitinase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase under biotic stress conditions. Especially in the case of phytopathological diseases or entomological damages, silicon can reduce these damages forming low molecular weight compounds having flavonoids and antifungal properties in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.

Keywords

• Abiotic,Biotic,Silicon,Stress condition

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