Comparison of the Aflatoxin levels in Fish Feeds from Rainbow Trout Farms Localized at Different Regions (Adana-Ağrı, TURKEY)
Öz
Aflatoxins levels in different fish feeds
obtained from two different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) farms located in Adana and Ağrı regions were determined between May
and July 2017. During the experiment period, ''a drought status'' was reported
according to the Standardized Precipitation Index of Turkey by Turkish State
Meteorological Service. According to precipitation index records, while Adana
was reported as slightly humid, Ağrı was slightly dry in the period between May
and July 2017. The aflatoxin analyses of fish feed samples was carried out in
the laboratories of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in Adana,
Turkey. The aflatoxin levels of the samples were resolved by liquid-solid
extraction, immune-affinity pillar clean-up using a HPLC-FD (High Performance
Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection). The detection limits of
aflatoxin were 0.50, 0.23, 0.73, 0.20 ppb for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
respectively. The results showed that, aflatoxin levels of fish feeds were
below the detection limits in all samples.Aflatoxins levels in different fish feeds
obtained from two different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) farms located in Adana and Ağrı regions were determined between May
and July 2017. During the experiment period, ''a drought status'' was reported
according to the Standardized Precipitation Index of Turkey by Turkish State
Meteorological Service. According to precipitation index records, while Adana
was reported as slightly humid, Ağrı was slightly dry in the period between May
and July 2017. The aflatoxin analyses of fish feed samples was carried out in
the laboratories of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in Adana,
Turkey. The aflatoxin levels of the samples were resolved by liquid-solid
extraction, immune-affinity pillar clean-up using a HPLC-FD (High Performance
Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection). The detection limits of
aflatoxin were 0.50, 0.23, 0.73, 0.20 ppb for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2,
respectively. The results showed that, aflatoxin levels of fish feeds were
below the detection limits in all samples.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alinezhad, S., Tolouee, M., Kamalzadeh, A., Motalebi, A.A., Nazeri, M., Yasemi, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Tolouei, R., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., 2011. Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 contamination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) feed with emphasis to Aspergillus section Flavi. Iranian Journal of Fisheries, 10(3):363-374.
- Altuğ G., Beklevik G., 2003. Level of aflatoxin in some fish feeds from fish farming processes, feed factories and imported feeds. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(6):1247-1252.
- Ashley, L.M., Halver, J.E., Gardner, W.K., Wogan, G.N., 1965. Crystalline aflatoxins cause hepatoma. Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 24(2):627.
- Baranyi, N., Kocsube, S., Varga, J., 2015. Aflatoxins: climate change and biodegradation. Current Opinion in Food Science, 5:60–66.
- Black, J.J., Baumann, P.C., 1991. Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 90:27-33.
- Bryden, W.L., 2012. Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain. Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1-2):134-158.
- Cengizler, İ., 2000. Balık Hastalıkları Ders Kitabı. Ç.Ü. Su Ürünleri Fak. Yayın No: 7. 136s. Adana.
- Conroy, G., 2000. Alteraciones asociadas condos alimentos comerciales en tetrahíbridos de tilapia roja cultivados en Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Asociación Americana de Soya, 33.
- El-Sayed, Y.S., Khalil R.H., 2009. Toxicity, biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in marine water-reared seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology, (47):1606-1609.
- Grace, D., Lindahl, J., Atherstone, C., Kang’ethe, E., Nelson, F., Wesonga, T., Manyong, V., 2015. Aflatoxin standards for feed. Building an Aflatoxin Safe East African Community. Technical Policy Paper 7.
- Gonçalves, R.A., Hofstetter, U., Schatzmayr, D., Jenkins, T., 2018. Mycotoxins in Southeast Asian aquaculture: plant-based meals and finished feeds. World Mycotoxin Journal, 11(2):265-275.
- Gonçalves, R.A., Schatzmayr, D., Hofstetter, U., Santos, G.A., 2017. Occurrence of mycotoxins in aquaculture: preliminary overview of Asian and European plant ingredients and finished feeds. World Mycotoxin Journal, 10(2):183-194.
- Han, D., Xie, S., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., 2010. Growth and hepatopancreas performances of gibel carp fed diets containing low levels of aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(4):335-342.
- Hashimoto, E.H., Santos, M.A.D., Ono, E.Y.S., Hayashi, C., Bracarense, A.P.F.R.L., Hirooka, E.Y., 2003. Bromatologia e contaminação com fumonisina e aflatoxina em rações utilizadas na piscicultura da região de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 24(1): 123-132.
- Huang, B., Han, Z., Cai, Z., Wu, Y., Ren, Y., 2010. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in peanuts and their derivative products by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(1):62-68.
- Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M., 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2):101-134.
- Marin, S., Ramos, A.J., Cano-Sancho, G., Sanchis, V., 2013. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 60:218-237.
- MGM, 2018. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved in March 30, 2018 from http://www.mgm.gov.tr.
- Rajeev Raghavan, P., Zhu, X., Lei, W., Han, D., Yang, Y., Xie, S., 2011. Low levels of Aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri ♀. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2):39-47. Richard, J.L., 2007. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-An overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(1-2):3-10.
- Russo, J.R., Yanong, R.P., 2010. Molds in fish feeds and aflatoxicosis. Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Santacroce, M.P., Conversano, M.C., Casalino, E., Lai, O., Zizzadoro, C., Centoducati, G., Crescenzo, G., 2008. Aflatoxins in aquatic species: metabolism, toxicity and perspectives. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 18(1):99-130.
- Tacon, A.G., 1992. Nutritional fish pathology: morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. Food & Agriculture Org. FAO Fish Technical Paper. No. 330. Rome, p 75.
- Tsakiris, I.N., Kokkinakis, E., Dumanov, J.M., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Flouris, A.D., Vlachou, M., Tsatsakis, A.M., 2013. Comparative evaluation of xenobiotics in human and dietary milk: persistent organic pollutants and mycotoxins. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 59(1): 58-66.
- TUIK, 2015. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Su ürünleri istatistikleri. Retrieved in January 25, 2018 from http://www.tuik.gov.tr.
- Vicam, 2007. AflaTest HPLC Instruction Manual. p 11.
Farklı Bölgelerde (Adana-Ağrı, TÜRKİYE) Bulunan Gökkuşağı Alabalığı Çiftliklerindeki Balık Yemlerinde Aflatoksin Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması
Öz
Mayıs ve Temmuz 2017 tarihleri arasında
Adana ve Ağrı bölgelerinde bulunan iki farklı gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) çiftliğinden elde
edilen farklı balık yemlerinde aflatoksin seviyeleri belirlendi. Çalışmamıza
ait dönemde Türkiye aylık standart yağış indeksine göre kuraklık durumu
kaydedilmiştir. Kayıtlarımıza göre Ağrı ili Mayıs-Temmuz aylarında hafif kurak,
Adana ili ise hafif nemli bir hava göstermiştir. Yem örneklerinin analizi T.C.
Adana Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Laboratuvarlarında yürütülmüştür. Numuneler
floresan saptama (HPLC-FD) ile yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi
kullanılarak, sıvı-katı özütleme immune-affinity column clean-up metodu ile
belirlenmiştir. Aflotoksin tespit limiti AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 için sırasıyla
0,50; 0,23; 0,73; 0,20 ppb, olarak belirlenmiştir. Örneklenen tüm balık
yemlerinde aflatoksin düzeylerin tespit edilebilir değerin altında olduğu
bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Aflatoksin balık yemi HPLC analizi gökkuşağı alabalığı çiftliği
Kaynakça
- Alinezhad, S., Tolouee, M., Kamalzadeh, A., Motalebi, A.A., Nazeri, M., Yasemi, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Tolouei, R., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., 2011. Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 contamination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) feed with emphasis to Aspergillus section Flavi. Iranian Journal of Fisheries, 10(3):363-374.
- Altuğ G., Beklevik G., 2003. Level of aflatoxin in some fish feeds from fish farming processes, feed factories and imported feeds. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(6):1247-1252.
- Ashley, L.M., Halver, J.E., Gardner, W.K., Wogan, G.N., 1965. Crystalline aflatoxins cause hepatoma. Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 24(2):627.
- Baranyi, N., Kocsube, S., Varga, J., 2015. Aflatoxins: climate change and biodegradation. Current Opinion in Food Science, 5:60–66.
- Black, J.J., Baumann, P.C., 1991. Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 90:27-33.
- Bryden, W.L., 2012. Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain. Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1-2):134-158.
- Cengizler, İ., 2000. Balık Hastalıkları Ders Kitabı. Ç.Ü. Su Ürünleri Fak. Yayın No: 7. 136s. Adana.
- Conroy, G., 2000. Alteraciones asociadas condos alimentos comerciales en tetrahíbridos de tilapia roja cultivados en Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Asociación Americana de Soya, 33.
- El-Sayed, Y.S., Khalil R.H., 2009. Toxicity, biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in marine water-reared seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology, (47):1606-1609.
- Grace, D., Lindahl, J., Atherstone, C., Kang’ethe, E., Nelson, F., Wesonga, T., Manyong, V., 2015. Aflatoxin standards for feed. Building an Aflatoxin Safe East African Community. Technical Policy Paper 7.
- Gonçalves, R.A., Hofstetter, U., Schatzmayr, D., Jenkins, T., 2018. Mycotoxins in Southeast Asian aquaculture: plant-based meals and finished feeds. World Mycotoxin Journal, 11(2):265-275.
- Gonçalves, R.A., Schatzmayr, D., Hofstetter, U., Santos, G.A., 2017. Occurrence of mycotoxins in aquaculture: preliminary overview of Asian and European plant ingredients and finished feeds. World Mycotoxin Journal, 10(2):183-194.
- Han, D., Xie, S., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., 2010. Growth and hepatopancreas performances of gibel carp fed diets containing low levels of aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(4):335-342.
- Hashimoto, E.H., Santos, M.A.D., Ono, E.Y.S., Hayashi, C., Bracarense, A.P.F.R.L., Hirooka, E.Y., 2003. Bromatologia e contaminação com fumonisina e aflatoxina em rações utilizadas na piscicultura da região de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 24(1): 123-132.
- Huang, B., Han, Z., Cai, Z., Wu, Y., Ren, Y., 2010. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in peanuts and their derivative products by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 662(1):62-68.
- Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M., 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2):101-134.
- Marin, S., Ramos, A.J., Cano-Sancho, G., Sanchis, V., 2013. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 60:218-237.
- MGM, 2018. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved in March 30, 2018 from http://www.mgm.gov.tr.
- Rajeev Raghavan, P., Zhu, X., Lei, W., Han, D., Yang, Y., Xie, S., 2011. Low levels of Aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri ♀. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2):39-47. Richard, J.L., 2007. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-An overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(1-2):3-10.
- Russo, J.R., Yanong, R.P., 2010. Molds in fish feeds and aflatoxicosis. Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Santacroce, M.P., Conversano, M.C., Casalino, E., Lai, O., Zizzadoro, C., Centoducati, G., Crescenzo, G., 2008. Aflatoxins in aquatic species: metabolism, toxicity and perspectives. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 18(1):99-130.
- Tacon, A.G., 1992. Nutritional fish pathology: morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. Food & Agriculture Org. FAO Fish Technical Paper. No. 330. Rome, p 75.
- Tsakiris, I.N., Kokkinakis, E., Dumanov, J.M., Tzatzarakis, M.N., Flouris, A.D., Vlachou, M., Tsatsakis, A.M., 2013. Comparative evaluation of xenobiotics in human and dietary milk: persistent organic pollutants and mycotoxins. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 59(1): 58-66.
- TUIK, 2015. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Su ürünleri istatistikleri. Retrieved in January 25, 2018 from http://www.tuik.gov.tr.
- Vicam, 2007. AflaTest HPLC Instruction Manual. p 11.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Şubat 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 |