18 MART MUTABAKATI: BİR HUKUKİ ANALİZ

Öz

2015 yılında ortaya çıkan göçmen krizini hafifletebilmek amacıyla Türkiye ile AB arasında yapılan 18 Mart Mutabakatı, caydırıcı etkisiyle Ege’de ölümleri büyük ölçüde önlemeyi başarmıştır. Ancak, mutabakatın temel unsuru olan “1’e 1” uygulamasının uluslararası hukuka ve AB hukukuna aykırı olduğu farklı çevrelerce iddia edilmişti. AB kurumları da mutabakatın ABAD’ın yargı denetimine takılmasını engellemek için mutabakatla bağlantıları olmadığını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Siyaseten mantıklı bir tercih olarak görünmekle beraber, AB açısından hukuken sorunlu bir durum ortaya çıkmıştır. Makale, 18 Mart Mutabakatını hukuki bir perspektiften ele almakta olup, AB’nin hangi kurum tarafından temsil edildiği ve Mutabakatın uluslararası anlaşma niteliği taşıyıp taşımadığı hususlarını irdelemektedir. 18 Mart Mutabakatı ve akdedildiği bağlam hukuken irdelendiğinde, bu metnin AB adına hareket eden AB Zirvesi ile Türkiye arasında yapılan bir politik mutabakat olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 18 Mart Mutabakatı
• AB-Türkiye Bildirisi
• Geri Kabul Anlaşması
• Göçmen Krizi
• Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı

EU-Turkey Migration Deal: A Legal Analysis

Abstract

EU-Turkey Migration Deal of 2015, succeeded to curb deaths in the Aegean thanks to its deterring impact. However, it was criticized on the grounds that the “1 for 1” formula was against international and EU law. EU institutions claimed they had not taken part in the deal to avoid the annulment of the deal by EU’s Court of Justice. This article analyzes the deal from a legal perspective to figure out which actor had been a part of the deal on behalf of the EU and whether the deal qualifies as an international agreement. The legal analysis indicates that the Statement appears to be a political arrangement rather than an international agreement concluded between Turkey and the European Council representing the EU.

Keywords

• 18 March Statement
• EU-Turkey Migration Deal
• Readmission Agreement
• Refugee Crisis
• European Court of Justice

Kaynakça

1. Arribas, Gloria. “The EU-Turkey Statement, The Treaty-Making Process and Competent Organs, Is the Statement an International Agreement?”European Papers Vol.2 (2017): 303-309.doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/131
2. Avrupa Birliği Genel Sekreterliği. Avrupa Birliği Antlaşması ve Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişi Hakkında Antlaşma (2011).
3. Bayraktaroğlu Özçelik, Gülüm. “Avrupa Topluluğunun Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Alanında Uluslararası Anlaşma Akdetme Yetkisi ve C-01/03 Sayılı VE 7 Şubat 2006 Tarihli Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanı Görüşü.” Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 57:2 (2008): 17-49.
4. Berridge, G.R. ve Alan James. Constructive Ambiguity: A Dictionary of Diplomacy 2. Baskı (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003).
5. Cannizzaro, Enzo. “Denialism as the Supreme Expression of Realism: A Quick Comment on NF v. European Council.” European Papers Vol.2 (2017): 251- 257. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/120.
6. Carrera, Sergio, Leonhard den Hertog ve Marco Stefan.“It wasn’t me!: The Luxembourg Court Orders on the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal.” CEPS Policy Insights (Nisan 2017).
7. Case T-192/16 - NF v European Council (28 February 2017). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=C1D930328036067FFEEBFE0AABDCE054?text=&docid=188483&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=15382687 Case C-45/07, Commission v. Greece (12 February 2009).Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=78181&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=15616389
8. Case C-22/70, Commission v. Council, (31 March 1971). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf;jsessionid=5E0C3F346A72EE840E5396FFD1A5CAFF?text=&docid=88062&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=7794642

9. Council Decision (EU) 2016/1754 of 29 September 2016 amending Decision (EU) 2015/1601 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece, OJ L 268/82 (1.10.2016). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016D1754&from=EN
10. Den Heijer, Maarten ve Thomas Spijkerboer. “Is the EU-Turkey Refugee and Migration Deal a Treaty.” EU Law Analysis (Nisan 2016). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.com/2016/04/is-eu-turkeyrefugee-and-migration-deal.html
11. Ekşi, Nuray. “18 Mart 2016 Tarihli AB-Türkiye Zirvesi Bildirisinin Hukuki Niteliği.”Contemporary Research in Economics and Social Sciences 1 (2017): 47-85.
12. European Commission.EU-Turkey Statement One Year On(2017). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/eu_turkey_statement_17032017_en.pdf
13. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank on establishing a new Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration, COM (2016) 385 Final (7.6.2016). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/whatwe-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/20160607/communication_external_aspects_eam_towards_new_migration_ompact_en.pdf
14. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council:Next Operational Steps in EU-Turkey Cooperation in the Field of Migration, COM(2016)166 Final (16.3.2016). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021.
15. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the State of Play of Implementation of Priority Actions under the European Agenda on Migration COM(2016) 85 Final (10.2.2016). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/sites/default/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/managing_the_refugee_crisis_state_of_play_20160210_en.pdf
16. European Council. EU-Turkey Statement (18 March 2016). Erişim tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/euturkey-statement/
17. Gatti, Mauro. “The EU-Turkey Statement: A Treaty that Violates Democracy.” Blog of the European Journal of International Law. 18 April 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-eu-turkey-statement-a-treaty-thatviolates-democracy-part-1-of-2/
18. Goldner Lang, Iris.“Towards 'Judicial Passivism' in EU Migration and Asylum Law?” (Mayıs 9, 2020). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3597017
19. Idriz, Narin. “The EU-Turkey Deal in front of the Court of Justice of the EU: An Unsolicited Amicus Brief.” Asser Policy Brief No.3 (2017).
20. International Court of Justice, Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Judgement of 1 July 1994) Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/caserelated/87/087-19940701-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
21. International Court of Justice , Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Ordes Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v. Turkey) (Judgement of 19 December 1978) Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021.https://www.icjcij.org/public/files/case-related/62/062-19781219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
22. Joined Cases C-208/17 P to C-210/17 P, NF v European Council (12 Eylül 2018). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021 https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=205744&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=15384406
23. Joined Cases C-181/91 and C-248/91, European Parliament v Council of the European Communities and Commission of the European Communities (30 Haziran 1993). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:9e85e532-52d8-4ce6-987fbfccb829c6d7.0002.03/DOC_1&format=PDF
24. Joint Way Forward on migration issues between Afghanistan and the EU (2 October 2016) Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu_afghanistan_joint_way_forward_on_migration_issues.pdf
25. Karaca, Hüseyin Akif. “Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Geri Kabul Antlaşması ve 18 Mart 2016 Tarihli Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Zirve Bildirisi Uyarınca Düzensiz Göçle Mücadele ve Bazı Sorunlu Alanlar.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 24 (2020): 155-194.
26. Kaya, Hülya, The EU-Turkey Statement on Refugees: Assessing its Impact on Fundamental Rights. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (2020).
27. Lehner, Roman. “The EU-Turkey ‘deal’: Legal Challenges and Pitfalls.” International Migration Vol.57(2) (2019): 176-185.
28. Matuşescu, Constanta. “Considerations on the Legal Nature and Validity of the EUTurkey Refugee Deal.” Union of Jurists of Romania Law Review (Aralık 2016): 91-101.
29. Official Journal of the European Union, Commission Decision of 24 November 2015 on the coordination of the actions of the Union and of the Member States through a coordination mechanism - the Refugee Facility for Turkey(8.12.2015). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015D1208(02)&from=EN
30. Öztürk, Neva Övünç ve Cavidan Soykan. “Third Anniversary of EU-Turkey Statement: A Legal Analysis.” Heinrich Böll Stiftung (Aralık 2019). Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021, https://tr.boell.org/en/2019/10/03/third-anniversary-euturkey-statement-legal-analysis
31. Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. 6. Baskı. Turhan Kitabevi (2008).
32. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 2021. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf