FRANSIZ DÖRDÜNCÜ CUMHURİYETİ’NDE SİYASAL YAPI VE DIŞ POLİTİKA: SÜVEYŞ KRİZİ’NE GİDEN YOLDA FRANSA’NIN İSRAİL POLİTİKASI

Yıl 2018, , 99 - 126, 06.09.2018

Çınar Özen , Nuri Yeşilyurt

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.457833

Öz

Bu makale, Fransız Dördüncü Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasal yapısının dış politika üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu analizi, Süveyş Krizi’ne giden yolda Fransa’nın İsrail’e karşı izlediği politika üzerinden yapmaktadır. Fransa’nın bu krizde kritik bir rol oynadığını savlayan makale, Paris’in bu politikasını açıklayabilmek için Dördüncü Cumhuriyetin zayıf ve istikrarsız siyasal yapısı içerisinde öne çıkan savunma ve dışişleri bürokrasileri arasında bürokratik siyaset modeli çerçevesinde cereyan eden iç mücadeleye odaklanmaktadır. Bu mücadelede Savunma Bakanlığı bürokrasisinin galip gelmesinde bir dizi bölgesel gelişme etkili olmuş ve sonuçta Fransa, Mısır’a yönelik ortak askerî müdahalenin planlanmasında öncü bir rol oynamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fransa, İsrail, Dördüncü Cumhuriyet, Süveyş Krizi, bürokratik siyaset

Political Structure and Foreıgn Policy of the French Fourth Republic: French Policy Towards Israel on the Road to Suez Crisis

Öz

This article aims to analyse the effect of the political structure of the FrenchFourth Republic on foreign policy. It makes this analysis over the case of French foreign policy towards Israel on the road to Suez Crisis. The article argues that France played a critical role in this crisis, and in order to explain the policy of Paris, it focuses on the internal struggle that took place between the foreign and defence bureaucracies, which came to the fore thanks to the weak and unstable political structure of the Fourth Republic, under the framework of bureaucratic politics model. As a result of some regional developments, Defence Ministry prevailed, and in the end, France played a critical role in the planning of the joint military intervention against Egypt.

Anahtar Kelimeler

France, Israel, Fourth Republic, Suez Crisis, bureaucratic politics

Kaynakça

• Agrikoliansky, Éric. Les partis politiques en France. Paris: Armand Colin, 2008.
• Agulhon, Maurice, André Nouschi ve Ralph Schor. La France de 1940 à nos jours. Paris: Nathan, 1988.
• Alden, Chris ve Amnon Aran. Foreign Policy Analysis: New Approaches. Oxon: Routledge, 2012.
• Allison, Graham T. ve Morton H. Halperin. “Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications.” World Politics 24 (1972): 40-79.
• Allison, Graham ve Philip Zelikov. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman, 1999.
• Alllison, Graham. “The Cuban Missile Crisis.” İçinde Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, ed. Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield ve Tim Dunne, 256-83. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Armaoğlu, Fahir. 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi, Cilt 1-2: 1914-1995. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi, t.y.
• Auerswald, David P. “Inward Bound: Domestic Institutions and Military Conflicts.” International Organization 53, no 3 (1999): 469-504.
• Bar-On, Colonel Mordechai. “Remembering 1956: Three Days in Sèvres, October 1956.” History Workshop Journal 62 (2006): 172-86.
• Chapsal, Jacques. La vie politique en France de 1940 à 1958. Paris: PUF, 1984.
• Crosbie, Sylvia. A Tacit Alliance: France and Israel from Suez to the Six Day War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.
• Goetschel, Pascale ve Bénédicte Toucheboeuf. La France contemporaine: la France de la libération à 1958: la quatrième République. Paris: LGF, 2004.
• Goguel, François ve Alfred Grosser. La politique en France. Paris: Armand Colin, 1984.
• Halperin, Morton H. ve Priscilla A. Clapp. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2006.
• Herzog, Chaim. “The Suez-Sinai Campaign: Background.” İçinde The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. Selwyn Ilan Troen ve Moshe Shemesh, 2-10. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
• Hill, Christopher. Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Palgrave, 2016.
• Ilan, Amitzur. The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Arms Race: Arms, Embargo, Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palestine War. Hampshire: Macmillan, 1996.
• Jabber, Paul. Not by War Alone: Security and Arms Control in the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
• James, Robert Rhodes. “Eden.” İçinde The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. Selwyn Ilan Troen ve Moshe Shemesh, 77-83. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
• Laskier, Michael. “Israel and Algeria amid French Colonialism and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1954-1978.” Israel Studies 6, no 2 (2001): 1-32.
• Lefort, Bernard. “Les partis et les groupes sous la IVe république,” Pouvoir, révue française d’etudes constitutionnelles et politiques 76 (1996): 61-79.
• Les Français Libres, de juin 1940 à juillet 1943. “Un Français Libre Parmi 50452: Abel Thomas.” Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2017. http://www.francaislibres.net/liste/fiche.php?index=42988.
• Levey, Zach. “Israeli Foreign Policy and the Arms Race in the Middle East 1950–1960.” Journal of Strategic Studies 24, no 1 (2001): 29-48.
• Levey, Zack. “Israel's Pursuit of French Arms, 1952–1958.” Studies in Zionism: Politics, Society, Culture 14, no 2 (1993): 183-210.
• Martin, André. “The Military and Political Contradictions of the Suez Affair: A French Perspective.” İçinde The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. Selwyn Ilan Troen ve Moshe Shemesh, 42-5. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
• Özen, Çınar ve Atay Akdevelioğlu. “Hür Fransa’dan IV. Cumhuriyet’e Fransa’da Güçlü Hükümet Mücadelesi: De Gaulle’ün Siyasi Yenilgisi ve Parlamentarizme Geri Dönüş.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 16, no 1 (2017): 81-106.
• Papastamkou, Sofia. “French-Egyptian Relations Before the Suez Crisis (1954-1956).” İçinde Les Occidentaux et la crise de Suez: Une relecture politico-militaire, eds. Philippe Vial et. al., 77-94. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2015.
• Peres, Shimon. “The Road to Sèvres: Franco-Israeli Strategic Cooperation.” İçinde The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. Selwyn Ilan Troen ve Moshe Shemesh, 106-12. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
• Pinkus, Binyamin ve Moshe Tlamim Pinkus, “Atomic Power to Israel's Rescue: French-Israeli Nuclear Cooperation, 1949–1957.” Israel Studies 7, no 1 (2002): 104-38.
• Pirinççi, Ferhat. “Ortadoğu'da Silahlanmayı İlk Kontrol Girişimi: Üçlü Deklarasyon.” History Studies 1, no 2 (2010): 376-392.
• Ripsman, Norrin M. Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
• Rosman, Miriam. La France et Israël 1947-1970: de la création de l’État d’Israël au départ des Vedettes de Cherbourg. Paris: Honore Champion, 2009.
• Shlaim, Avi. “Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948.” İçinde The War for Palestine, ed. Eugene L. Rogan ve Avi Shlaim, 79-103. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
• Shlaim, Avi. “The Protocol of Sèvres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot.” International Affairs 73, no 3 (1997): 509-30.
• Slonim, Shlomo. “Origins of the 1950 Tripartite Declaration on the Middle East." Middle Eastern Studies 23, no 2 (1987): 135-149.
• Slonim, Shlomo. “The 1948 American Embargo on Arms to Palestine.” Political Science Quarterly 94, no 3 (1979): 495-514.
• Tal, David. “The Making, Operation and Failure of the May 1950 Tripartite Declaration on Middle East Security.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36, no 2 (2009): 177-93.
• Thomas, Abel. Comment Israël fut sauvé: les secrets de l'expedition de suez. Paris: A. Michel, 1978.
• Troen, Selwyn Ilan. “Ben-Gurion’s Diary: The Suez-Sinai Campaign.” İçinde The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal, ed. Selwyn Ilan Troen ve Moshe Shemesh, 217-249. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
• United Nations Official Document. “50 (1948). Resolution of 29 May 1948.” Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2017. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/50(1948).
• Vaisse, Maurice. “France and the Suez Crisis.” İçinde Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences, ed. Roger Louis ve Roger Owen, 131-43. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
• Ziv, Guyz. “Shimon Peres and the French-Israeli Alliance, 1954-9.” Journal of Contemporary History 45/2 (2010): 406-29.