Türkiye Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri ve Entegrasyon Teorileri: Gramscı’ci Tarihsel Materyalizmin Literatüre Katkıları

Öz

Bu çalışma Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri literatürünün hangi teorik yaklaşımlardan etkilendiğini inceler ve eleştirel bir analiz getirmeyi amaçlar. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri literatürde nasıl açıklanmaktadır ve hangi entegrasyon teorilerinden faydalanmaktadırlar? Literatürdeki eksiklikler nelerdir ve Gramsci’ci tarihsel materyalist bir yaklaşım literatüre nasıl katkılar sağlayabilir? Bu makale, Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri literatürünün teorik açıdan genelde ya hükümetlerarası yaklaşımdan ya da Avrupalılaşma perspektifinden etkilendiğini tartışacaktır. Bu bağlamda, literatür ya ilişkileri entegrasyondan ziyade devletlerarası ilişkiler olarak tanımlamakta ya da Avrupa’yı özerk olarak ele almakta ve Avrupa’nın eklemlendiği küreselleşme ve neoliberal yeniden yapılanma gibi yapısal faktörleri gözardı etmektedir. Aynı zamanda Türkiye’de ekonomik ve politik değişimi tartışırken Avrupa’nın rolünü abartmakta ve küresel faktörleri gözönünde bulundurmamaktadır. Ulusötesi alan ve süreçte işçilerin rolü gözardı edilmektedir. Literatür genelde ilişkilerin “şekline” odaklanmakta ve halen devam etmekte olan Türkiye’nin Avrupa yapıları ile entegrasyonunun sosyo-ekonomik içeriğini sorunsallaştıramamaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışma Gramsci’ci tarihsel materyalist analizlerin tartışmaya olan olası katkılarını inceler. Çalışmanın özgün yönü literatürde henüz Gramsci’ci tarihsel materyalist yaklaşımların Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkilerini açıklamaya yönelik olası katkılarını açıklayan bir çalışmanın yapılmamasından kaynaklanır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Entegrasyon Teorileri,Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği

Abstract

This article aims to provide a critical assessment of the literature on Turkey-European Union relations and problematizes theoretical perspectives that are adopted in explicating the relations. How is Turkey-European Union relations explained in the literature and from which theoretical perspectives are studies informed? What is missing in the literature and what are the potential contributions of adopting Gramscian historical materialist perspectives? I shall argue that the current state of literature is considerably informed by either intergovernmentalist or Europeanisation perspectives. The studies either approach Turkey-European Union relations as international relations rather than integration per se or fails to situate relations within the structural dynamics of globalisation and neoliberal restructuring. Moreover, in debating change in domestic politics, the literature has a tendency to exaggerate the role of Europe by ignoring structural factors. The transnational sphere and role of labour in the process are overlooked. Studies focus on “form” of enlargement and they turn a blind eye to the socio-economic content of ongoing integration of Turkey to European structures. At the final sub-section the article introduces potential contributions of Gramscian historical materialism to the debate that has not been analyzed in the literature so far

Keywords

• European Integration Theories, Turkey-European Union Relations, Enlargement, Gramscian Historical Materialism

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