The Migration Experience of Western Europe After the Second World War within the Framework of Migration Theories

Abstract

After the Second World War, migratory movements towards Western European countries increased significantly. In addition, characteristics of migration towards these countries also has changed. Many push and pull factors, such as particularly decolonization process, foreign labor requirement, economic crises, globalization, the rise of neoliberal economic policies and conflicts in third countries, have been influential in changing the characteristics of these migratory movements. These factors makes difficult to explain these migratory movements within the framework of a single migration theory. The main purpose of this study is to divide migratory movements towards Western Europe after the Second World War into the processes through historical breakpoints and to examine them within the framework of macro level migration theories based on the economy and dependency in general.

Keywords

• Migration
• Migratory Movements
• Migration Theories
• Western Europe
• European Union

GÖÇ KURAMLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI BATI AVRUPA’NIN GÖÇ DENEYİMİ

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Batı Avrupa ülkelerine yönelik göç hareketleri önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Ayrıca bu ülkelere yönelik göçün niteliği de değişmiştir. Bu göç hareketlerinin niteliğinin değişmesinde özellikle dekolonizasyon süreci, yabancı işgücü gereksinimi, küreselleşme, neoliberal ekonomi politikalarının yükselişi ve üçüncü ülkelerdeki çatışmalar gibi birçok itici ve çekici faktör etkili olmuştur. Bu faktörler, bu göç hareketlerinin tek bir göç kuramı çerçevesinde açıklanmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası Batı Avrupa’ya yönelik göç hareketlerini tarihsel kırılma noktaları üzerinden süreçlere ayırmak ve genel itibariyle ekonomi ve bağımlılık temelli makro düzeyli göç kuramları çerçevesinde incelemektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göç
• Göç Hareketleri
• Göç Kuramları
• Batı Avrupa
• Avrupa Birliği

Kaynakça

1. Boskovic, Grubanov. ve S. Natale F. ‘‘Migration in a Segmented Labour Market.’’ JRC Technical Reports EUR 28731 (2017): 11. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 6, 2020. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC107601/grubanov%2C_natale_-_pubsy_final1.pdf.
2. Boswell, Christina. ‘‘Addressing the Causes of Migratory and Refugee Movements: the Role of the European Union.’’ UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, Working Paper No. 73 (2002): 3, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 19, 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/3e19ac624.pdf.
3. Castles, Stephen., Hein de Hass ve Mark J. Miller. Age of migration: International Populatin Movements in the Modern World. 5. Baskı. New York: Guilford Press, 2014.
4. Constant, F. Amelie. ve Bienvenue N. Tien, ‘‘Brainy Africans to Fortress Europe: For Money or Colonial Vestiges ?.’’ IZA DP No. 4615, No 4615 (2009):1-46, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2020, http://ftp.iza.org/dp4615.pdf.
5. Çelik, Ş. Didem. ve Sühal Şemsit. ‘‘Kale Avrupası Yaklaşımı ve Düzensiz Göç.’’ Paradoks Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi 15, Sayı 2 (2019): 279-294.
6. Dobson, Janet., Alan Latham ve John Salt. ‘‘On the Move? Labour Migration in Times of Recession: What can We Learn from the Past?.’’ Policy Network Paper (2009): 1-23. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 9, 2019. https://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/research/research-centres/migration-researchunit/publications/mru-publications/pdfs/on_the_move.pdf.
7. Donato M. Katherine. ve Douglas S. Massey. ‘‘Twenty-FirstCentury Globalization and Illegal Migration.’’ ANNALS, AAPSS, 666, (2016):7-8. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 11, 2020. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716216653563.
8. Dustmann, Christian. ve Albrecht C. Glitz. Immigration, Jobs and Wages: Theory, Evidence and Opinion. London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, 2005.

9. Dustmann, Christian. ve Tommaso Frattini. ‘‘Imigration: The European Experience.’’ İçinde Immigration, Poverty, and Socioeconomic Inequality, editörler David Card ve Steven Raphael, 423-456. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 2013.
10. Düvel, Franck. ‘‘Irregular Migration Econmics and Politics.’’ CESifo DICE Report 3 (2011): 61-62. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 7, 2020. https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/dicereport311-rr2.pdf.
11. Eurofound. ‘‘Labour Market Segmentation: Piloting New Empirical and Policy Analyses.’’ Publications Office of the European Union (2019):7. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 5, 2020. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef19033en.pdf.
12. European Commission. ‘‘Irregular Migration.’’Erişim Tarihi: Mart 6, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/homeaffairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/ glossary_search/irregular-migration_en.
13. European Commission. ‘‘Why Do People Migrate: Theoris of Migration.’’ Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 24, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/ jrcsh/files/theoriesofmigration2.pdf.
14. European Council. ‘‘How the EU Manages Migration Flows.’’ Son Güncelleme: Temmuz 17, 2019. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/migratorypressures/managing-migration-flows/.
15. European Parliament. ‘‘EU Migrant Crisis: Facts and Figures.’’Son Güncelleme: Temmuz 22, 2019.http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/ headlines/society/ 20170629STO78630/eu-migrant-crisis-facts-and-figures.
16. Eurostat. ‘‘Asylum Statistics.’’ Son Güncelleme: Mayıs 10, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics.
17. Eurostat. ‘‘Migration and Migrant Population Statistics.’’ Son Güncelleme: Eylül 1, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics.
18. Faist, Thomas. Grete Brochman ve Kristof Tomas. International Migration Immobility and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1997.
19. Faist, Thomas. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
20. Fassmann, Heinz. ve Rainer Munz. ‘‘Patterns and Trends of International Migration in Western Europe.’’ Population and Development Review 18, No 3 (1992): 457-480. Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 26, 2020, doi: 10.2307/1973654.
21. Gibson, Rachel K. The Growth of Anti-immigrant Parties in Western Europe. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.
22. Haas, de Hein. ‘‘Migration Theory Quo Vadis.’’ International Migration Institute Working Paper 100 (2014), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 4, 2019. https://www.migrationinstitute.org/publications/wp-100-14.
23. Haas, de Hein. ‘‘The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Theoretical Inquiry. ’’Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, No10 (2010): 1587- 1617. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489361.
24. Hooghe, March., Ann Trappers, Bart Meuleman ve Tim Reeskens. ‘‘Migration to European Countries. A Structural Explanation of Patterns, 1980-2004.’’ International Migration Review 42, No 2 (2008):476-502.
25. International Labour Organisation. ‘‘The Financial and Economic Crisis: A Decent Work Response.’’ International Institute for Labour Studies, 2009. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 8, 2019, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_107583.pdf.
26. Internation Labour Organisation. ‘‘Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A StatisticalPicture.’’ 3. Baskı, Geneva: Printing and Distribution Branch of the ILO, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2019. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf.
27. İnce, Celal. ‘‘Göç Kuramları ve Suriye Göçü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme.’’ Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 11, Sayı 18 (2019): 2581-2516, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2020. doi: 10.26466/opus.546737.
28. Jenissen, Roel P. W. Macro-economic Determinants of International Migration in Europe. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers, 2004.
29. Kaiser, Lutz C. ve Regine Paul. ‘‘Differential Inclusion in Germany’s Conservative Welfare States: Policy Legacies and Structural Constraints.’’ İçinde Migration and Welfare in the New Europe: Social Protection and the Challanges of Integration, editörler Emma Carmel, Alfio Cerami ve Theodoros Papadopoulos, 121-142. Bristol: The Policy Press, 2011.
30. Köşk Uğur C. ve Çağlar Özbek. ‘‘Küreselleşme ve Uluslararası Göç İlişkisinde Değişen Göçmen Algısı.’’ Researcher: Social Science Studies 5, Sayı 8 (2017): 247-265.
31. Light, Ivan. ‘‘Globalisation and Migration Network.’’ İçinde Immigrant Businesses: The Economic, Political and Social Environment, editör: Jan Rath, 162-182. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
32. Mabogunje, L. Akin. ‘‘Systems Approach to a Theory of Rural–Urban Migration.’’Geographical Analysis (1970): 1-18. Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 24, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00140.
33. Masssey Douglas S. ve Amelie Constant, ‘‘Return migration by German guest workers; Neoclassical Versus New Economic Theories’’ International Migration 40, No 4 (2002):5–38. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 3, 2020, doi: 10.1111/1468- 2435.0020.
34. Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino ve J. Edward Taylor. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal.” Population and Development Review 19, No 3 (1993): 431-466. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 12, 2019. doi: 10.2307/2938462.
35. Messina, Anthony. The Logics and Politics of Post WWII Migration to Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
36. Migration Data Portal. ‘‘Recent Trends: Europe.’’ Erişim Tarihi: Mart 24, 2020. https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/irregular-migration.
37. Mol, Christof V. ve Helga de Valk. ‘‘Migration and Immigrants in Europe: A Historical and Demographic Perspective.’’ İçinde Integration Processes and Policies in Europe, editörler Blanca G. Mascareñas ve Rinus Penninx, 31-55. New York: Springer Open, 2016.
38. O’Reilly, Karen. ‘‘Migration Theories: A Critical Overview.’’ İçinde Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies, editör Anna Triandafyllidou, 25-34. Oxford: Routledge, 2015.
39. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ‘‘International Migration Outlook 2017,’’ OECD Publishing (2017), Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 5, 2019. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/international-migration-outlook2017_5jfx6c46vhvd.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2Fmigr_outlook -2017-en&mimeType=pdf.
40. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ‘‘International Migration Outlook 2018.’’ OECD Publishing (2018). Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 28, 2019. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/international-migration-outlook2018_5j8s7ndgnt9w.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2Fmigr_outlook-2018-en&mimeType=pdf.
41. Özcan, Elçin E. ‘‘Çağdaş Göç Teorileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme.’’ İş ve Hayat 2, Sayı 4 (2016): 183-215.
42. Özerim, Gökay. ‘‘Avrupa'da Göç Politikalarının Ulusüstüleşmesi ve Bir Güvenlik Konusuna Dönüşümü: Avrupa Göç Tarihinde Yeni Bir Dönem.’’ Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi 5, Sayı 1 (2014): 11-48.
43. Öztürk, Salih. ve Selin Saygın. ‘‘1973 Petrol Krizinin Ekonomiye Etkileri ve Stagflâsyon Olgusu.’’ Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 6, Sayı 12 (2017): 1-12.
44. Rober F. Elliott. Karşılaştırmalı Çalışma Ekonomisi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayını, 1997.
45. Schierup, Carl U., Peo Hansen ve Stephen Castles. Migration, Citizenship, and the European Welfare State: A European Dilemma. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
46. Sen, Amartya. “Inequality, Unemployment and Contemporary Europe.” International Labour Review 136, No 2: (1997): 155-171.
47. Sharpe, Michael E. Postcolonial Citizens and Ethnic Migration: The Netherlands and Japan in the Age of Globalisation. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
48. Skaliotis, Michail. ve David Thorogood. ‘‘Migration Statistics and Globalisation: Challenges for the European Statistical System.’’ , Eurostat Document II/5. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 10, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1001617/4576272/SESSION-II-DOC5.pdf.
49. Sylla, Ndongo Samba. ‘‘The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa.’’Review of the African Political Economy (ROAPE) blog, 2017: 1-3. Erişim Tarihi:Mart 1, 2020. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/83792/1/africaatlse-2017-07-12-the-cfa-franc-french-monetary-imperialism-in.pdf.
50. Titan, Emilia., Simona Ghita ve Mihaela Covrig, ‘‘Migration Phenomenon: A Globalization Effect or a Consequence of Poverty?.’’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 62, No 24 (2012): 367.
51. Triandafyllidou, Anna. Globalisation and Migration: An Introduction. İçinde Handbook of Migration and Globalisation, editör Anna Triandafyllidou, 1-15. Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing, 2018.
52. Wallerstein, Imanuel. The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture And the Origins of the European World Economy In the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
53. Vezzoli, Simona. ve Marie L. Flahaux. ‘‘How Do Post-colonial Ties and Migration Regimes Shape Travel Visa Requirements? The Case of Caribbean Nationals.’’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, No 7 (2017):, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 27, 2020. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2016.1228446.
54. Wimalaratana, Wijitapure. ‘‘International Migration and Migration Theories.’’ Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences 1, No 5 (2016): 13-32.
55. World Bank. ‘‘The Impact of Economic Crisis on Migration and Remittances’’, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 4, 2019. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1251230679308/Impact_of_EconomicCrisis_on_Migration_and_Remittances.pdf.
56. Zanker, Jessica H. ‘‘Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature.’’ Working Paper MGSoG/2008/WP002, 2008. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2019. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28197.
57. Zimmermann, Klaus. European Migration: What Do We Know?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.