Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 85 - 118, 01.05.2012
Burak Tangör
Sevinç Sayın
Öz
The European Union’s EU counter-terrorism strategy enhances the cooperation and coordination among Member States. This study aims, on the one hand to comprehend the EU’s counter-terrorism strategy, while seeking an answer for the question of whether counter-terrorism strategy is a new area of integration within the EU on the other hand. In this study, the concept of integration is referred as the process of delegation of authority in a particular policy-area to a higher authority by the states of a specific geographical region. Methodology of the study is based on the critical analysis of the strategy documents that have been adopted within the EU and well as the academic literature on the subject matter. In terms of determining the limits of the scope of the subject, the attention will be focused specifically on the area of internal security among various policy-areas.
Kaynakça
- Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data by air carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (2007 PNR Agreement), Official Journal of the European Union, L 204/18, 4 August 2007.
- Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Financial Messaging Data from the European Union to the United States for the purposes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program, Official Journal of the European Union, L 195/5, 27 July 2010.
- Javier Argomaniz, “Post-9/11 institutionalisation of European Union counter- terrorism: emergence, acceleration and inertia”, European Security, Cilt 18, Sayı 2, June 2009, s. 151-172.
- Thierry Balzacq, “The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 75-100.
- Sanem Baykal, “Avrupa Birliğinde Yetki Sorunu ve Lizbon Antlaşması”, Belgin Akçay, Sevilay Kahraman, Sanem Baykal (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği’nin Güncel Sorunları ve Gelişmeler, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008, s. 15-48.
- Raphael Bossong, “The Action Plan on Combating Terrorism: A Flawed Instrument of EU Security Governance”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s.27-48.
- Hakkı Büyükbaş, “Avrupa Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi ve Türkiye”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 61, Sayı 1, 2006, s. 37-66.
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2010/C 83/02), Official Journal of the European Union, C 83/389, 30 March 2010.
- Argomaniz, op.cit., s. 165-168.
- Commission Decision of 30 November 2009 determining the first regions for the start of operations of the Visa Information System (VIS) (notified under document C(2009) 8542), Official Journal of the European Union, L 23/62, 27 January 2010.
- Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention), Official Journal, C 316, 27 November 1995.
- Rik Coolsaet, “EU Counterterrorism Strategy: Value Added or Chimera?”, International Affairs, Cilt 86, Sayı 4, 2010, s. 857-873.
- Council Decision of 28 February 2002 setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fight against serious crime (2002/187/JHA), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 63/1, 6 March 2002.
- Council Decision of 8 June 2004 establishing the Visa Information System (VIS) (2004/512/EC), Official Journal of the European Union, L 213/5, 15 June 2004.
- Council Decision 2007/533/JHA of 12 June 2007 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), Official Journal of the European Union, L 205/63, 7 August 2007.
- Council Decision of 2009/426/JHA of 16 December 2008 on the strengthening of Eurojust and amending Decision 2002/187/JHA setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fight against serious crime, Official Journal of the European Union, L 138/14, 4 June 2009.
- Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA), Official Journal of the European Union, L 121/37, 15 May 2009.
- Council Document SN 140/01, Conclusions and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting on 21 September 2001, 2001.
- Council Document 5842/2/2010, Internal Security Strategy for the European Union: Towards a European Security Model, 2010.
- Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 190/1, 18 July 2002.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/978/JHA of 18 December 2008 on the European evidence warrant for the purpose of obtaining objects, documents and data for use in proceedings in criminal matters, Official Journal of the European Union, L 350/72, 30 December 2008.
- Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1285/2009 of 22 December 2009 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Regulation (EC) No 501/2009, Official Journal of the European Union, L 346/39, 23 December 2009.
- Council of the European Union, A Secure Europe in a Better World-European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
- Council of the European Union, The Strategy for Combating Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism, 14781/1/05 REV 1, Brussels, 24 November 2005.
- Council of the European Union, The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, 14469/4/05 REV 4, Brussels, 30 November 2005.
- Council of the European Union, Press Release, 14390/05 (Presse 296), Brussels, 1-2 December 2005.
- Council of the European Union, EU Action Plan on Enhancing the Security of Explosives, 8311/08, Brussels, 11 April 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Revised Strategy on Terrorist Financing, 11778/1/08 REV 1, Brussels, 17 July 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy–Providing Security in a Changing World, S407/08, Brussels, 11 December 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on strengthening chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) security in the European Union – an EU CBRN Action Plan – Adoption, 15505/1/09 REV 1, Brussels, 12 November 2009.
- Council of the European Union, The Stockholm Programme - An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, 5731/10, Brussels, 3 March 2010.
- Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban, and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 467/2001 prohibiting the export of certain goods and services to Afghanistan, strengthening the flight ban and extending the freeze of funds and other financial resources in respect of the Taliban of Afghanistan, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 139/9, 29 May 2002.
- Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004 establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, L 349/1, 25 November 2004.
- Bruce Crumley, “How Serious is the Terror Threat in Europe?”, Time, 22 Ekim 2010, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2027158,00.html, (24 Ekim 2010).
- Mehmet Emin Çağıran, “Terörizm ve Uluslararası Hukuk”, Haydar Çakmak (Ed.), Terörizm, Ankara, Platin Yayın, 2008, s. 41-72.
- Monica Den Boer, Claudia Hillebrand ve Andreas Nölke, “Legitimacy under Pressure: The European Web of Counter-Terrorism Networks”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 101-124.
- Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing, Official Journal of the European Union, L 309/15, 25 November 2005.
- Eurojust, Annual Report 2010, 2011, http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/press_annual.htm, (31 Temmuz 2011).
- European Commission, Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Europe's Citizens: Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM(2010) 171, Brussels, 20 April 2010.
- European Commission, The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe, COM(2010) 673, Brussels, 22 November 2010.
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council a European terrorist finance tracking system: available options, COM(2011) 429 final, Brussels, 13 July 2011.
- European Council, Declaration on Combating Terrorism, Brussels, 25 March 2004.
- European Union Factsheet, The EU list of persons, groups and entities subject to specific measures to combat terrorism, 22 December 2009, http://www.consilium.europa.eu, (1 Mart 2011).
- Ece Göztepe, Avrupa Birliği’nin Siyasal Bütünleşmesi ve Egemenlik Yetkisinin Paylaşılması Sorunu, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008.
- Elspeth Guild, “The Uses and Abuses of Counter-Terrorism Policies in Europe: The Case of the ‘Terrorist Lists’ ”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s.173-193.
- Financial Action Task Force, http://www.fatf-gafi.org, (28 Şubat 2011).
- Ömer Göksel İşyar, “Günümüzde Uluslararası Güvenlik Stratejileri: Kavramsal Çerçeve ve Uygulama”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt 2, Sayı 3, Kış 2008, s. 1-42.
- Sevilay Kahraman, “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yeni Komşuluk Politikası”, Belgin Akçay, Sevilay Kahraman, Sanem Baykal (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği’nin Güncel Sorunları ve Gelişmeler, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008, s. 451-478.
- Sezgin Kaya, “Interpol, Europol ve Uluslararası Terörizm”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Aralık 2005, s. 31-49.
- Daniel Keohane, The EU and Counter-Terrorism, London, Centre for European Reform, 2005.
- Daniel Keohane, “The Absent Friend: EU Foreign Policy and Counter-Terrorism”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 125-146.
- Henri Labayle ve Nadja Long, Overview of European and International Legislation on Terrorist Financing Study, Brussels, European Parliament, 2009.
- Sedat Laçiner, “Terörle Mücadele Nasıl Olmalı?”, İdarecinin Sesi, Sayı 130, Kasım- Aralık 2008, s. 6-13.
- Sarah Léonard, “EU Border Security and Migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and Securitisation through Practices”, European Security, Cilt 19, Sayı 2, June 2010, s. 231-254.
- M. Marie Mcginley ve Roderick Parkes, “Rights vs. Effectiveness? The Autonomy Thesis in EU Internal Security Cooperation”, European Security, Cilt 16, Sayı 3-4, September-December 2007, s. 245-266.
- Jörg Monar, “Cooperation in the Justice and Home Affairs Domain: Characteristics, Constraints and Progress”, European Integration, Cilt 28; Sayı 5, 2006, s. 495-509.
- Jörg Monar, “Common Threat and Common Response? The European Union’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its Problems”, Government and Opposition, Cilt 42, Sayı 3, 2007, s. 292-313.
- Mehmet Özcan, “Avrupa Birliği Adli İşbirliği Birimi (Eurojust): Gelişim ve Perspektifler”, Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 1-2, 2005, s. 241-273.
- Regulation (EC) No 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on Controls of Cash Entering or Leaving the Community, Official Journal of the European Union, L 309/9, 25 November 2005.
- Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), Official Journal of the European Union, L 381/4, 28 December 2006.
- “Terör Saldırısı An Meselesi,”, 17 Eylül 2010, http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25132558/, (17 Eylül 2010).
- Güneş Gonca Yıldırım, Örnek Olaylarla Suç Gelirlerinin Aklanması ve Terörün Finansmanı ile Mücadele El Kitabı, Ankara, T.C. Ziraat Bankası A.Ş. Eğitim Yayınları No: 22, 2009.
Avrupa Birliği’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisi: Yeni Bir Bütünleşme Alanı Mı?
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 85 - 118, 01.05.2012
Burak Tangör
Sevinç Sayın
Öz
AB’nin terörizmle mücadele stratejisi üye devletlerin işbirliği ve eşgüdüm çalışmalarını artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bir yandan Avrupa Birliği’nin terörizmle mücadele stratejisi anlaşılmaya çalışılırken, bir yandan da terörizmle mücadele stratejisinin AB içerisinde yeni bir bütünleşme alanı olup olmadığı sorusuna yanıt aranmaktadır. Bütünleşme, belirli bir coğrafi bölgedeki devletlerin daha üst bir otoriteye belli bir alanda yetki aktarma süreci anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Yöntem olarak, AB bünyesinde benimsenen strateji belgelerinin ve konuya ilişkin akademik yazının kritik bir analizi yapılmaktadır. Konunun sınırlılığını belirleyebilmek adına, terörizmle mücadele stratejisinin içerdiği çeşitli politika alanlarından iç güvenlik alanına odaklanılmaktadır
Kaynakça
- Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data by air carriers to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) (2007 PNR Agreement), Official Journal of the European Union, L 204/18, 4 August 2007.
- Agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on the processing and transfer of Financial Messaging Data from the European Union to the United States for the purposes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program, Official Journal of the European Union, L 195/5, 27 July 2010.
- Javier Argomaniz, “Post-9/11 institutionalisation of European Union counter- terrorism: emergence, acceleration and inertia”, European Security, Cilt 18, Sayı 2, June 2009, s. 151-172.
- Thierry Balzacq, “The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 75-100.
- Sanem Baykal, “Avrupa Birliğinde Yetki Sorunu ve Lizbon Antlaşması”, Belgin Akçay, Sevilay Kahraman, Sanem Baykal (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği’nin Güncel Sorunları ve Gelişmeler, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008, s. 15-48.
- Raphael Bossong, “The Action Plan on Combating Terrorism: A Flawed Instrument of EU Security Governance”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s.27-48.
- Hakkı Büyükbaş, “Avrupa Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi ve Türkiye”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 61, Sayı 1, 2006, s. 37-66.
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2010/C 83/02), Official Journal of the European Union, C 83/389, 30 March 2010.
- Argomaniz, op.cit., s. 165-168.
- Commission Decision of 30 November 2009 determining the first regions for the start of operations of the Visa Information System (VIS) (notified under document C(2009) 8542), Official Journal of the European Union, L 23/62, 27 January 2010.
- Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention), Official Journal, C 316, 27 November 1995.
- Rik Coolsaet, “EU Counterterrorism Strategy: Value Added or Chimera?”, International Affairs, Cilt 86, Sayı 4, 2010, s. 857-873.
- Council Decision of 28 February 2002 setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fight against serious crime (2002/187/JHA), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 63/1, 6 March 2002.
- Council Decision of 8 June 2004 establishing the Visa Information System (VIS) (2004/512/EC), Official Journal of the European Union, L 213/5, 15 June 2004.
- Council Decision 2007/533/JHA of 12 June 2007 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), Official Journal of the European Union, L 205/63, 7 August 2007.
- Council Decision of 2009/426/JHA of 16 December 2008 on the strengthening of Eurojust and amending Decision 2002/187/JHA setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fight against serious crime, Official Journal of the European Union, L 138/14, 4 June 2009.
- Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA), Official Journal of the European Union, L 121/37, 15 May 2009.
- Council Document SN 140/01, Conclusions and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting on 21 September 2001, 2001.
- Council Document 5842/2/2010, Internal Security Strategy for the European Union: Towards a European Security Model, 2010.
- Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 190/1, 18 July 2002.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/978/JHA of 18 December 2008 on the European evidence warrant for the purpose of obtaining objects, documents and data for use in proceedings in criminal matters, Official Journal of the European Union, L 350/72, 30 December 2008.
- Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1285/2009 of 22 December 2009 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Regulation (EC) No 501/2009, Official Journal of the European Union, L 346/39, 23 December 2009.
- Council of the European Union, A Secure Europe in a Better World-European Security Strategy, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
- Council of the European Union, The Strategy for Combating Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism, 14781/1/05 REV 1, Brussels, 24 November 2005.
- Council of the European Union, The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, 14469/4/05 REV 4, Brussels, 30 November 2005.
- Council of the European Union, Press Release, 14390/05 (Presse 296), Brussels, 1-2 December 2005.
- Council of the European Union, EU Action Plan on Enhancing the Security of Explosives, 8311/08, Brussels, 11 April 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Revised Strategy on Terrorist Financing, 11778/1/08 REV 1, Brussels, 17 July 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy–Providing Security in a Changing World, S407/08, Brussels, 11 December 2008.
- Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on strengthening chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) security in the European Union – an EU CBRN Action Plan – Adoption, 15505/1/09 REV 1, Brussels, 12 November 2009.
- Council of the European Union, The Stockholm Programme - An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, 5731/10, Brussels, 3 March 2010.
- Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 of 27 May 2002 imposing certain specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban, and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 467/2001 prohibiting the export of certain goods and services to Afghanistan, strengthening the flight ban and extending the freeze of funds and other financial resources in respect of the Taliban of Afghanistan, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 139/9, 29 May 2002.
- Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004 establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, L 349/1, 25 November 2004.
- Bruce Crumley, “How Serious is the Terror Threat in Europe?”, Time, 22 Ekim 2010, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2027158,00.html, (24 Ekim 2010).
- Mehmet Emin Çağıran, “Terörizm ve Uluslararası Hukuk”, Haydar Çakmak (Ed.), Terörizm, Ankara, Platin Yayın, 2008, s. 41-72.
- Monica Den Boer, Claudia Hillebrand ve Andreas Nölke, “Legitimacy under Pressure: The European Web of Counter-Terrorism Networks”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 101-124.
- Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing, Official Journal of the European Union, L 309/15, 25 November 2005.
- Eurojust, Annual Report 2010, 2011, http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/press_annual.htm, (31 Temmuz 2011).
- European Commission, Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Europe's Citizens: Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM(2010) 171, Brussels, 20 April 2010.
- European Commission, The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe, COM(2010) 673, Brussels, 22 November 2010.
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council a European terrorist finance tracking system: available options, COM(2011) 429 final, Brussels, 13 July 2011.
- European Council, Declaration on Combating Terrorism, Brussels, 25 March 2004.
- European Union Factsheet, The EU list of persons, groups and entities subject to specific measures to combat terrorism, 22 December 2009, http://www.consilium.europa.eu, (1 Mart 2011).
- Ece Göztepe, Avrupa Birliği’nin Siyasal Bütünleşmesi ve Egemenlik Yetkisinin Paylaşılması Sorunu, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008.
- Elspeth Guild, “The Uses and Abuses of Counter-Terrorism Policies in Europe: The Case of the ‘Terrorist Lists’ ”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s.173-193.
- Financial Action Task Force, http://www.fatf-gafi.org, (28 Şubat 2011).
- Ömer Göksel İşyar, “Günümüzde Uluslararası Güvenlik Stratejileri: Kavramsal Çerçeve ve Uygulama”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt 2, Sayı 3, Kış 2008, s. 1-42.
- Sevilay Kahraman, “Avrupa Birliği’nin Yeni Komşuluk Politikası”, Belgin Akçay, Sevilay Kahraman, Sanem Baykal (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği’nin Güncel Sorunları ve Gelişmeler, Ankara, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2008, s. 451-478.
- Sezgin Kaya, “Interpol, Europol ve Uluslararası Terörizm”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Aralık 2005, s. 31-49.
- Daniel Keohane, The EU and Counter-Terrorism, London, Centre for European Reform, 2005.
- Daniel Keohane, “The Absent Friend: EU Foreign Policy and Counter-Terrorism”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 125-146.
- Henri Labayle ve Nadja Long, Overview of European and International Legislation on Terrorist Financing Study, Brussels, European Parliament, 2009.
- Sedat Laçiner, “Terörle Mücadele Nasıl Olmalı?”, İdarecinin Sesi, Sayı 130, Kasım- Aralık 2008, s. 6-13.
- Sarah Léonard, “EU Border Security and Migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and Securitisation through Practices”, European Security, Cilt 19, Sayı 2, June 2010, s. 231-254.
- M. Marie Mcginley ve Roderick Parkes, “Rights vs. Effectiveness? The Autonomy Thesis in EU Internal Security Cooperation”, European Security, Cilt 16, Sayı 3-4, September-December 2007, s. 245-266.
- Jörg Monar, “Cooperation in the Justice and Home Affairs Domain: Characteristics, Constraints and Progress”, European Integration, Cilt 28; Sayı 5, 2006, s. 495-509.
- Jörg Monar, “Common Threat and Common Response? The European Union’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its Problems”, Government and Opposition, Cilt 42, Sayı 3, 2007, s. 292-313.
- Mehmet Özcan, “Avrupa Birliği Adli İşbirliği Birimi (Eurojust): Gelişim ve Perspektifler”, Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 1-2, 2005, s. 241-273.
- Regulation (EC) No 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on Controls of Cash Entering or Leaving the Community, Official Journal of the European Union, L 309/9, 25 November 2005.
- Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), Official Journal of the European Union, L 381/4, 28 December 2006.
- “Terör Saldırısı An Meselesi,”, 17 Eylül 2010, http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25132558/, (17 Eylül 2010).
- Güneş Gonca Yıldırım, Örnek Olaylarla Suç Gelirlerinin Aklanması ve Terörün Finansmanı ile Mücadele El Kitabı, Ankara, T.C. Ziraat Bankası A.Ş. Eğitim Yayınları No: 22, 2009.