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Formaldehit, Hidrojen Peroksit ve Trichlorfon Uygulamalarının Aynalı Sazanda (Cyprinus carpio L.) Bazı Hematolojik Stres İndikatörleri Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 71 - 81, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.594137

Öz

Bu çalışmada, aynalı sazan (C. carpio)’larda gerek profilaktik ve gerekse ektoparazitlerin sağaltımında yaygın olarak kullanılan formaldehit (% 37), hidrojen peroksit (% 35) ve triklorfon (Neguvon)’un tedavi edici dozlarının toksik etkileri hematolojik stres indikatörleri açısından değerlendirildi. 180 adet balık (51,13±8,18 g) 70 L hacimli onsekiz adet tankta, 22±1oC tatlı su koşullarında tutuldu. Üç farklı deneme olarak kurgulanan çalışmada, her deneme grubu kendi kontrol grupları ile karşılaştırıldı. Formalin uygulaması beş gün, 150 ppm/30dk./gün, hidrojen peroksit iki gün 1000 ppm/20 dk./gün ve triklorfon iki gün boyunca, 150 ppm/ 30 dk./gün olarak çalışıldı. Denemelerin sonunda, balıklardan toplanan kan ve serum örnekleri, eritrosit (RBC) ve lökosit (WBC) miktarları, hemoglobin (Hb) ve hematokrit (Hct) değerleri, eritrosit hücre indeksleri (MCV, MCH), hücre boyutları, lökosit hücre tipleri (lenfosit, monosit, nötrofil, eosinofil), glikoz ve kortizol düzeyleri belirlendi. Her üç ayrı deneme grubunda, RBC, Hb, Hct ve eritrosit indeksleri, her deneme grubunun kontrol grupları ile karşılaştırıldığında, istatistiksel olarak, önemli düzeyde azalmalar belirlendi (p<0,05). Ayrıca, lenfosit, monosit, nötrofil hücre yüzdeleri ve WBC miktarları ile serum glikoz ve kortizol seviyeleri kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde artış tespit edildi. (p<0,05). Diğer yandan deneme gruplarındaki balıkların kan hücre büyüklüklerinde önemli düzeylerde artış belirlendi. Stres göstergesi kan parametrelerinde tespit edilen önemli düzeydeki farklılıklar, aynalı sazanlarda söz konusu kemoterapötiklerin, terapötik doz ve zamanlarda kullanılmasının, stres kaynağı olarak değerlendirilebileceğini gösterdi.

Kaynakça

  • Arends, R. J. , Van der, G. R. & Martens, G. J. M. (1998). Differential expression of two proopiomelanocortin mRNAs during temperature stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Endocrinology, 159, 85-91.
  • Atamanalp, M. & Yanık, T. (2003). Alterations in haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to mancozeb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 27, 1213-1217.
  • Balta, F. (2016). Balık Hastalıkları Ders Notları Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Hastalıklar ABD, Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi, Rize.
  • Barton, B. A. , Schreck, C. B. & Barton, L. D. (1980). Effects of chronic cortisol administration daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress responses in juvenile rainbow trout. Diseases Aquatic Organisms, 2, 173-185.
  • Barton, B. A. (2002). Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42, 517-525.
  • Bayram, H. & Kocaman, M. (2017). Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’na uygulanan formaldehit banyosunun bazı hematolojik kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 32(1), 47-53.
  • Beverly, A. G. & Donald, F. A. (1982). Mebendazole/trichlorfon combination: A new anthelmintic for removing monogenetic trematodes from fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 20(4), 373- 378.
  • Blaxhall, P. C. & Daisley, K. W. (1973). Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5, 771-882.
  • Burtis, A. C. & Ashwood, E. R. (1999). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry. 3 rd edition, ISBN 0-7216-5610-2. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
  • Carragher, J. E. & Ress, C. M. (1994). Primary and secondary stress response in golden perch Masquaria ambigua. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. 107(A), 49-56.
  • Christybapita, D. M. , Divyagnaneswari, R. & Dinakaran, M. (2007). Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology, 23 (4), 840-852.
  • Ciftci, N. , Cicik, B. & Erdem, C. (2008). Effects of lead concentrations on sera parameters and haematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla (L., 1758). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 2, 616 -622.
  • Cruz-Lacierda, E. R. , Pineda, A. J. T. & Nagasawa, K. (2012). In vivo treatment of the gill monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in the Philippines. International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 5(5), 330-336.
  • Davis, A. K.; Maney, D. L. & Maerz, J. C. (2008). The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Functional Ecology, 22, 760 – 772.
  • Fast, M. D. , Muise, D. M. & Easy, R. E. (2006). The effects of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections on the stress response and immunological status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 21, 228-241.
  • Gaikowski, M. , Johnson, A. , Rach, J. J. & Schleis, S. M. (2003). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris on walleye and channel catfish fingerlings. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65, 300–305.
  • Hai, D. Q. ; Varga, S. I. and Matkovics, B. (1997). Organophosphate Effects on Antioxidant System of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). Comparative Biochemical Physiology. A., 117C, 83-88.
  • Hayran, M. & Özdemir, O. (1995). Bilgisayar İstatistik ve Tıp. Hekimler Yayın Birliği HYB. Medikal Araştırma Birimi MEDAR, Ankara.
  • Howe, G. E., Gingerich, W. H. , Dawson, V. K. & Olson, J. J. (1999). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide for treating saprolegniasis in channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 11, 222 –230.
  • Innes Taylor, N. & Ross, L. G. (1988). The use of hydrogen peroxide as a source of oxygen for the transportation of live fish. Aquaculture, 70, 183-192.
  • Jezierska, B. & Witeska, M. (2001). Metal Toxicity to Fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 11(3), 279-279.
  • Jones, S. R. M. , Thoney, D. A. & Balfry, S. K. (2015). Comparative efficacy of formalin, freshwater and hydrogen peroxide against Gyrodactylus corti infestations on captive wolf-eels (Anarrhichthys ocellatus). Bulletion European Associated Fish Pathology, 64, 35(2).
  • Jung, S. H., Sim, D. S., Park, M. J. Q. & Kim, Y. (2003). Effects of formalin on haematological and blood chemistry in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 34, 1269-1275.
  • Kankaya, E. & Kaptaner, B. (2017). Formaldehitin subletal konsantrasyonlarının sazan (Cyprinus carpio L.) balığı üzerindeki toksik etkileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(3), 406-415.
  • Kocabatmaz, M. & Ekingen, G. (1984). Standardization of haematological methods and taking blood from various fish species. Journal Natural Science, 2, 149-159.
  • Krumschnabel, G. & Lackner, R. (1993). Stress response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Alevins. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. A, 104(4),777-783. Kubilay, A. & Uluköy, G. (2002): The effects of acute stress on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26, 249-254.
  • Lumsden, J. S. , Ostland, V. E. & Ferguson, H. W. (1998). Use of hydrogen peroxide to treat experimentally induced bacterial gill disease in rainbow trout. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 10, 230–240.
  • Metzler, D. E. (1977). Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, USA.
  • Montgomery-Brock, D. V. T. , Sato, J. , Brock, A. & Tamaru, C. S. (2001). The application of hydrogen peroxide as a treatment for the ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum on the Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 32, 250–254. Mustafa, A., Macwilliams, C. & Fernandez, N. (2000). Effects of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus Salmonis K., 1837) infestation on macrophage functions in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 10, 47-59.
  • Narain, A. S. & Srivastava, P. N. (1989). Anemia in the freshwater teleost Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of environmental pollution. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 43, 627-634.
  • Newsholme, E. A. (1983). Biochemistry for the medical sciences. John Wiley. Chichester. England.
  • Noga, E. J. (1996). Fish diseases diagnosis and treatment. ISBN 1-55664-374-8.
  • Nussey, G., Vuren, H. J. & Preez, H. H. (1995). Effect of copper on the differential white blood cell counts of the mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Comparative Biochemical Physiology, A. 111, 381-388.
  • Omoregie, E., Eseyin, T. G., Ofojekwu, P. C. & Amali, E.I. (1998). Effects of sublethal concentrations of formalin on weight gain in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). Asian Fisheries Society, 10, 323-327.
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  • Pickering, A. D. , Pottinger, T. G. & Carragher, J. (1987). The effect of acute and cronic stress on the levels of reproductive hormones in the SERA of mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 68, 249-259.
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The Effects of Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide and Trichlorphon Applications on Some Hematological Stress Indicators in Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 71 - 81, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.594137

Öz

In this study, the toxic effects of therapeutic doses of formaldehyde (37%), hydrogen peroxide (35%) and trichlorfon (Neguvon), which are commonly used for both prophylactic and treatment purposes in ectoparasites in mirror carp (C. carpio), were evaluated in terms of hematological stress indicators. Accordingly, 180 fish (51.13 ± 8.18 g) were kept in eighteen tanks with a volume of 70 L under freshwater conditions at 22±1oC. The study was designed as three different trials and each trial group was compared with its own control group. Formalin administration was performed for five days, as 150 ppm/30 min/day, while hydrogen peroxide administration was performed for two days as 1000 ppm/20 min/day and Trichlorophone administration, was performed for two days as 150 ppm/30 min/day. At the end of the trials, blood and serum samples collected from fish were evaluated in terms of erythrocyte (RBC), leukocyte (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values, erythrocyte cell indices (MCV, MCH), cell sizes, leukocyte cell types (lymphocytes, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil), and glucose and cortisol levels. RBC, Hb, Hct and erythrocyte indices significantly decreased in all three experimental groups compared to those of the control group of each trial group (p <0.05). In addition, percentile values of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil cells, WBC levels, and serum glucose and cortisol levels significantly increased compared to those of the controls. (p<0.05). On the other hand, significant increases were determined in the blood cell sizes of the fish in the experimental groups. In the study, it has been reported that the chemotherapeutics in mirror carp caused significant differences in the blood parameters of the stress indicator and that the therapeutics used in the study could be considered as a source of stress in terms of dose and time.

Kaynakça

  • Arends, R. J. , Van der, G. R. & Martens, G. J. M. (1998). Differential expression of two proopiomelanocortin mRNAs during temperature stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Endocrinology, 159, 85-91.
  • Atamanalp, M. & Yanık, T. (2003). Alterations in haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to mancozeb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 27, 1213-1217.
  • Balta, F. (2016). Balık Hastalıkları Ders Notları Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Hastalıklar ABD, Zihni Derin Yerleşkesi, Rize.
  • Barton, B. A. , Schreck, C. B. & Barton, L. D. (1980). Effects of chronic cortisol administration daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress responses in juvenile rainbow trout. Diseases Aquatic Organisms, 2, 173-185.
  • Barton, B. A. (2002). Stress in fishes: A diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42, 517-525.
  • Bayram, H. & Kocaman, M. (2017). Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’na uygulanan formaldehit banyosunun bazı hematolojik kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 32(1), 47-53.
  • Beverly, A. G. & Donald, F. A. (1982). Mebendazole/trichlorfon combination: A new anthelmintic for removing monogenetic trematodes from fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 20(4), 373- 378.
  • Blaxhall, P. C. & Daisley, K. W. (1973). Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5, 771-882.
  • Burtis, A. C. & Ashwood, E. R. (1999). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry. 3 rd edition, ISBN 0-7216-5610-2. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
  • Carragher, J. E. & Ress, C. M. (1994). Primary and secondary stress response in golden perch Masquaria ambigua. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. 107(A), 49-56.
  • Christybapita, D. M. , Divyagnaneswari, R. & Dinakaran, M. (2007). Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish&Shellfish Immunology, 23 (4), 840-852.
  • Ciftci, N. , Cicik, B. & Erdem, C. (2008). Effects of lead concentrations on sera parameters and haematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla (L., 1758). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 2, 616 -622.
  • Cruz-Lacierda, E. R. , Pineda, A. J. T. & Nagasawa, K. (2012). In vivo treatment of the gill monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in the Philippines. International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 5(5), 330-336.
  • Davis, A. K.; Maney, D. L. & Maerz, J. C. (2008). The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists. Functional Ecology, 22, 760 – 772.
  • Fast, M. D. , Muise, D. M. & Easy, R. E. (2006). The effects of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections on the stress response and immunological status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 21, 228-241.
  • Gaikowski, M. , Johnson, A. , Rach, J. J. & Schleis, S. M. (2003). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris on walleye and channel catfish fingerlings. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65, 300–305.
  • Hai, D. Q. ; Varga, S. I. and Matkovics, B. (1997). Organophosphate Effects on Antioxidant System of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus). Comparative Biochemical Physiology. A., 117C, 83-88.
  • Hayran, M. & Özdemir, O. (1995). Bilgisayar İstatistik ve Tıp. Hekimler Yayın Birliği HYB. Medikal Araştırma Birimi MEDAR, Ankara.
  • Howe, G. E., Gingerich, W. H. , Dawson, V. K. & Olson, J. J. (1999). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide for treating saprolegniasis in channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 11, 222 –230.
  • Innes Taylor, N. & Ross, L. G. (1988). The use of hydrogen peroxide as a source of oxygen for the transportation of live fish. Aquaculture, 70, 183-192.
  • Jezierska, B. & Witeska, M. (2001). Metal Toxicity to Fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 11(3), 279-279.
  • Jones, S. R. M. , Thoney, D. A. & Balfry, S. K. (2015). Comparative efficacy of formalin, freshwater and hydrogen peroxide against Gyrodactylus corti infestations on captive wolf-eels (Anarrhichthys ocellatus). Bulletion European Associated Fish Pathology, 64, 35(2).
  • Jung, S. H., Sim, D. S., Park, M. J. Q. & Kim, Y. (2003). Effects of formalin on haematological and blood chemistry in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 34, 1269-1275.
  • Kankaya, E. & Kaptaner, B. (2017). Formaldehitin subletal konsantrasyonlarının sazan (Cyprinus carpio L.) balığı üzerindeki toksik etkileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(3), 406-415.
  • Kocabatmaz, M. & Ekingen, G. (1984). Standardization of haematological methods and taking blood from various fish species. Journal Natural Science, 2, 149-159.
  • Krumschnabel, G. & Lackner, R. (1993). Stress response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Alevins. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. A, 104(4),777-783. Kubilay, A. & Uluköy, G. (2002): The effects of acute stress on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26, 249-254.
  • Lumsden, J. S. , Ostland, V. E. & Ferguson, H. W. (1998). Use of hydrogen peroxide to treat experimentally induced bacterial gill disease in rainbow trout. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 10, 230–240.
  • Metzler, D. E. (1977). Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York, USA.
  • Montgomery-Brock, D. V. T. , Sato, J. , Brock, A. & Tamaru, C. S. (2001). The application of hydrogen peroxide as a treatment for the ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum on the Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 32, 250–254. Mustafa, A., Macwilliams, C. & Fernandez, N. (2000). Effects of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus Salmonis K., 1837) infestation on macrophage functions in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 10, 47-59.
  • Narain, A. S. & Srivastava, P. N. (1989). Anemia in the freshwater teleost Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of environmental pollution. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 43, 627-634.
  • Newsholme, E. A. (1983). Biochemistry for the medical sciences. John Wiley. Chichester. England.
  • Noga, E. J. (1996). Fish diseases diagnosis and treatment. ISBN 1-55664-374-8.
  • Nussey, G., Vuren, H. J. & Preez, H. H. (1995). Effect of copper on the differential white blood cell counts of the mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Comparative Biochemical Physiology, A. 111, 381-388.
  • Omoregie, E., Eseyin, T. G., Ofojekwu, P. C. & Amali, E.I. (1998). Effects of sublethal concentrations of formalin on weight gain in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). Asian Fisheries Society, 10, 323-327.
  • Parlar, A. & Kaya, S. (2011). Su ürünlerinde ilaç kullanımı. Türk Veteriner Hekimler Birliği Dergisi, 1-2, 60-73.
  • Pickering, A. D. , Pottinger, T. G. & Carragher, J. (1987). The effect of acute and cronic stress on the levels of reproductive hormones in the SERA of mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 68, 249-259.
  • Pottinger, T. G., Carrick, T. R. & Appleby, A. (2000). High blood cortisol levels and low cortisol receptor affinity: is the chub, Leuciscus cephalus, a cortisol-resistant teleost? General and Comparative Endocrinology, 115120, 108-117.
  • Powell, M. D., Speare, D. J. & Macnair, N. (1994). Effect of intermittent chloramine-t exposure on growth, serum biochemistry and fin condition of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science, 51, 1728-1736.
  • Powell, M. D. and Clark, G. A. 2004. Efficacy and toxicity of oxidative disinfectants for the removal of gill amoebae from the gills of amoebic gill disease affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in freshwater. Aquaculture Research. 35: 112-123.
  • Rach, J. J., Gaikowski, M. P. & Ramsay, R. T. (2000a). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control parasitic infections on hatchery-reared fish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 12, 267–273.
  • Rach, J. J., Gaikowski, M. P. & Ramsay, R. T. (2000b). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control mortalities associated with bacteria gill disease infections on hatchery-reared salmonids. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 12, 119–127.
  • Rach, J. J. , Valentine, J. J. , Schreier, T. M. , Gaikowski, M. P. & Crawford, T. G. (2004). Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to control saprolegniasis on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Eggs. Aquaculture, 238 (1–4), 135–142.
  • Ruane, N. M. , Wendelear, B. S. E. & Balm, P. H. M. (1999). Differences between rainbow trout and brown trout in the regulation of the pituitary-interrenal axis and physiological performance during confinement. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 115, 210-219.
  • Russo, R. E. W. & Yanong, R. P. E. (2007). Preliminary investigations of hydrogen peroxide treatment of selected ornamental fishes and efficiancy against external bacteria and parasites in green swordtails. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 19, 121 – 127.
  • Schindler, J. F. & De Vries, U. (1986). Scanning cytophotometry of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., erythrocyte populations: the Influence of short-term hypoxic environment and the recovery period following severe bleeding. Journal of Fish Biology, 28, 741–752.
  • Schmidt, L. J., Gaikowski, M. P. & Gingerich, W. H. (2006). Environmental assessment for the use of hydrogen peroxide in aquaculture for treating external fungal and bacterial diseases of cultured fish and fish eggs. : Geographical survey, Biological Resources Division. U.S.A.
  • Schreck, C. B. and Moyle, P. B. 1990. Methods for fish biology. American Fisheries Society. ISBN 0-913235-58-X. , Maryland, U.S.A.
  • Shah, S. L. & Altındağ, A. (2004). Haematological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758) on acute and chronıc exposures of lethal and sublethal treatments of cadmium. Fresenius Environmental Bulletion, (13), 12b, 1477-1481.
  • Sopińska, A. (1984). Effects of physiological factors, stress, and disease on haematological parameters of carp, with a particular reference to leukocyte pattern. II. Haematological results of stress in carp. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 14, 121–139.
  • Speare, D. J. & Arsenault, G. J. (1997). Effects of ıntermittent hydrogen peroxide exposure on growth and columnaris disease prevention of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science, 54 (11), 2653–2658.
  • Stollen, S. J. and Fletcher, T. C. 1994. Anderson D. P. Techniques in fish immunology-2. 1st edition. ISBN 0-9625505-3-1. SOS Pub., Virginia.
  • Tort, L. , Kargacin, B. & Torres, P. (1996). The effect of cadmium exposure and stress on sera cortisol, metallothionein levels and oxidative status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. A, 114(C), 29-34.
  • Tort, M. J., Wooster, G. R. & Bowser, P. R. (2003). Effects of hydrogen peroxide on hematology and blood chemistry parameters of walleye Stizostedion vitreum. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 34, 236-242.
  • Treves-Brown, K. M. (2000). Applied fish pharmacology. ISBN 81-8128-900-1. Kluw. Ac.Publ., Netherlands.
  • Tukmechi, A., Andai, H. R. R., Manaffar, R. & Sheikhzadeh, N. (2011). Dietary administration of beta-mercapto-ethanol treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30, 923-928.
  • Ulukoy, G. & Timur, M. (1993). A study on observation of haematological and histopathological changes occurred from some pesticides in different concentrations in pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca L. 1758). Journal of Fisheries Aquatic Science, 10, 35-54.
  • Witeska, M. (2004). The effect of toxıc chemıcals on blood cell morphology in fısh. Fresenius Environmental Bulletion, 13 (12a), 1379-1384.
  • Yanar, M. & Genc, E. (2004). Anaesthetic effects of quinaldine sulphate together with the use of diazepam on Oreochromis niloticus L.,1758 (Chichlidae) at different temperatures. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 28, 1001-1005.
  • Yang, J. L. & Chen, H. C. (2003). Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Acute test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology. Chemosphere. 53: 877–882.
  • Yıldız, H. Y. & Polatsu, S. (1999). Evaluation of the secondary stress response in healthy nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758) after treatment with a mixture of formalin, malachite green and methylene blue. Aquaculture Research. 30: 379-383.
  • Yıldız, H. Y. & Karasu, A. Ç. (2001). The effects of formalin, copper sulphate, glacial acetic acid applications on hematocrit and SERA glucose levels of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) - Analysis for stress effects. p. 803-810. XI. National Symposium on Fisheries, Proceeding Book-II. Hatay-Turkey.
  • Yonar, S. M. , Sağlam, N. , Yöntürk, Y. , Aytemur, A. & Koşar, A. (2014). Formaldehit uygulanan gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nda bazı hematolojik ve antioksidan parametrelerin araştırılması. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 8(4), 317‒323.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aysel Şahan 0000-0001-8000-8923

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahan, A. (2020). The Effects of Formaldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide and Trichlorphon Applications on Some Hematological Stress Indicators in Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Acta Aquatica Turcica, 16(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.594137