The Risk of Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: The Future Outlook

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 367 - 387

Emmanuel D. Abarike Emmanuel Okoampah Ebru Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1478517

Öz

Seafood production is a critical global industry that provides employment and sustenance to millions of people. The intensification of production technologies in the industry has emerged to bridge the demand–supply gap in seafood production, but concerns about potential public health threats have been raised. For instance, increased stocking densities in aquaculture settings have led to increased stress in fish, creating an environment conducive to pathogen proliferation. Antibiotics are widely used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections in fish and other animals. However, antibiotics pose a risk of harmful effects on human and animal health. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in fish and other aquatic animals, as well as in the aquatic environment and other ecological niches, has created reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria and transferable resistance genes. Resistance to antimicrobial agents in human pathogens severely limits therapeutic options during human infections. Therefore, responsible and monitored use of antibiotics in aquaculture is paramount. This review consolidates the knowledge on commonly used antibiotic types in aquaculture, antibiotic administration, antibiotic testing techniques, and antibiotic resistance in water, fish, and sediments. The challenges, strategies, and constraints in counteracting antibiotic resistance, as well as prospects for antibiotic use in aquaculture, are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fish, Water, Bacteria, Environment, Seafood

Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliğinde Antibiyotik Direnci Riski: Geleceğe Bakış

Öz

Deniz ürünleri üretimi, milyonlarca insana istihdam ve geçim sağlayan kritik bir küresel endüstridir. Sektördeki üretim teknolojilerinin yoğunlaşması, deniz ürünleri üretimindeki arz-talep açığını kapatmak için ortaya çıkmıştır, ancak potansiyel halk sağlığı tehditlerine ilişkin endişeler gündeme gelmiştir. Örneğin, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği ortamlarında artan stok yoğunlukları balıklarda stresin artmasına yol açarak patojen çoğalmasına elverişli bir ortam yaratmıştır. Antibiyotikler balıklarda ve diğer hayvanlarda bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde ve önlenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak antibiyotiklerin insan ve hayvan sağlığına zararlı etki yapma riski bulunmaktadır. Balıklarda ve diğer su hayvanlarında, ayrıca su ortamında ve diğer ekolojik nişlerde antibiyotiklere dirençli bakterilerin ortaya çıkması, ilaca dirençli bakterilerin ve aktarılabilir direnç genlerinin rezervuarlarını oluşturmuştur. İnsan patojenlerindeki antimikrobiyal ajanlara karşı direnç, insan enfeksiyonları sırasında tedavi seçeneklerini ciddi şekilde sınırlandırmaktadır. Bu derleme, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde yaygın olarak kullanılan antibiyotik türleri, antibiyotik uygulaması, antibiyotik test teknikleri ve su, balık ve sedimentteki antibiyotik direnci hakkındaki bilgileri bir araya getirmektedir. Antibiyotik direnciyle mücadelede karşılaşılan zorluklar, stratejiler ve kısıtlamaların yanı sıra su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde antibiyotik kullanımına yönelik beklentiler de tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Balık, Su, Bakteri, Çevre, Deniz Ürünleri

Kaynakça

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