The Role of GIS-Based Thematic Urban Maps in Determining the Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions

Öz

In the current century, the rapid increase in the world population and the fact that this population is living in cities to a large extent increases the speed and scale of urbanization more and more rapidly. This situation makes today's cities struggle with environmental, social, economic, and ecological challenges. In recent years, in order to cope with these difficulties, ecology-based planning and design approaches that take nature as an example have become important; At this point, new concepts and theories emerged. Nature-based solutions (NbS), a relatively new concept, are solution-oriented, measurable, and evidence-based comprehensive studies that deal with climate change and urbanization problems by integrating ecosystem-based approaches and relatively to increase urban sustainability. In this study, the development process of NbSs, the different platforms that deal with NbSs, what thematic map layers are in these platforms, and the importance of GIS-based thematic urban maps in determining the effectiveness of NbSs, since they are evidence-based and therefore measurable. Among the platforms examined, ThinkNature, UrbanGreenUp, NATURVATION, and Unalab platforms with applied project examples were discussed. The thematic map layers that can be used to question the activities of NBSs of each platform, respectively, were determined, and their relations with GIS were discussed. With the results obtained, it has been determined that the platform that offers the most visual and questionable thematic map layers is NATURVATION, UrbanGreenUp ranks second at this point, and ThinkNature and UnaLap platforms provide verbal suggestions to the user at the point of data layers. The platforms examined within the scope of the study and the criteria determined by other studies can be arranged in the GIS system, stored in databases, presented when necessary, and used at any planning point. In short, it was concluded that GIS-based thematic map layers can be an effective tool for preparing future scenarios of NbS.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nature-based solutions
• NbS
• Thematic map
• GIS
• Urban sustainability

Doğa Temelli Çözümlerin Etkinliğinin Saptanmasında CBS Tabanlı Tematik Kentsel Haritaların Rolü

Öz

İçinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda, dünya nüfusunun büyük bir hızla artması ve bu nüfusun da büyük ölçüde kentlerde yaşamaya başlaması, kentleşmenin hızını ve ölçeğini giderek daha hızlı bir şekilde arttırmaktadır. Bu durum günümüz kentlerini çevresel, sosyal, ekonomik, ekolojik gibi zorluklarla hiç olmadığı kadar mücadele içine sokmaktadır. Son yıllarda bu zorluklarla başa çıkabilmek adına, doğayı örnek alan ve ekoloji temelli planlama ve tasarım anlayışı yaklaşımları önemli hale gelmiştir. Doğa temelli çözümler (NbS) bu yaklaşımların başında gelen, iklim değişikliği ile mücadeleyi ve kentleşme sorunlarını ekosistem temelli yaklaşımları bütünleştirerek ele alan ve nispeten yeni, kentsel sürdürülebilirliği arttırmaya yönelik çözüm odaklı, ölçülebilir, kanıta dayalı geniş kapsamlı çalışmalardır. Bu çalışmada, NbS’lerin gelişim süreci, NbS’leri ele alan farklı platformlar ve bu platformlarda ele alınan tematik harita katmanların neler olduğu ve CBS tabanlı tematik kentsel haritaların kanıta dayalı ve dolayısıyla ölçülebilir olmaları nedeniyle, NbS'lerin etkinliğinin belirlenmesindeki önemi üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. İncelenen platformlar içerisinden, uygulamalı proje örneklerinin yer aldığı ThinkNature, UrbanGreenUp, NATURVATION ve Unalab platformları ele alınmıştır. Sırasıyla her bir platformun NbS'lerin faaliyetlerini sorgulamak için kullanılabilecek tematik harita katmanlarının belirlenerek CBS ile ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarla, hem görsel hem de sorgulanabilir en fazla tematik harita katmanı sunan platformun NATURVATION olduğu, UrbanGreenUp’ın bu noktada ikinci sırada yer aldığı, ThinkNature ve UnaLap platformlarının veri katmanları hakkında sözlü önerileriyle kullanıcıya sunum sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen platformlar ve diğer çalışmalar doğrultusunda belirlenen kriterlerin CBS sisteminde düzenlenerek veritabanlarında saklanılmasına gerektiğinde sunumuna ve herhangi bir planlama noktasında kullanılmasına dair öneriler getirilerek farklı ölçeklerdeki NbS çalışmalarının etkinliğindeki önemine vurgu yapılmıştır. Kısacası CBS tabanlı tematik harita katmanlarının NbB’lerin gelecek senaryolarının hazırlanmasında etkili bir araç olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Doğa temelli çözümler
• NbS
• Tematik harita
• CBS
• Kentsel sürdürülebilirlik

Kaynakça

1. Albert, C., Brillinger, M., Guerrero, P., Gottwald, S., Henze, J., Schmidt, S., ... & Schröter, B. (2021). Planning nature-based solutions: Principles, steps, and insights. Ambio, 50(8), 1446-1461.
2. Bush, J. & Doyon, A. (2019). Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute? Cities, 95(July), 102483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483
3. Chaolin, G. (2020). Urbanization. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (2nd ed., pp. 141–153).
4. Çobanyılmaz, P. & Yüksel, Ü. D. (2013). Determination of Vulnerability of Cities to Climate Change: The Case of Ankara. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Science, 17(3), 39–50.
5. Cohen-Shacham, E., Andrade, A., Dalton, J., Dudley, N., Jones, M., Kumar, C., Maginnis, S., Maynard, S., Nelson,
6. C. R., Renaud, F. G., Welling, R. & Walters, G. (2019). Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Environmental Science & Policy, 98, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2019.04.014
7. Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C. & Maginnis, S. (eds. (2016). Nature-based Solutions to address global societal challenges. In E Cohen-Shacham, G. Walters, C. Janzen, & S. Maginnis (Eds.), Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-036.pdf
8. Dorst, H., van der Jagt, A., Raven, R. & Runhaar, H. (2019). Urban greening through nature-based solutions – Key characteristics of an emerging concept. Sustainable Cities and Society, 49(January), 101620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101620

9. Eggermont, H., Balian, E., Azevedo, M. N., Beumer, V., Brodin, T., Claudet, J., Fady, B., Grube, M., Keune, H., Lamarque, P., Reuter, K., Smith, M., Van Ham, C., Weisser, W. W. & Le Roux, X. (2015). Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe | GAIA 24/4 (2015): 243-248 Nature-based Solutions, an Emerging Term. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.24.4.9
10. Ejaro, S. P. & Abubakar, A. (2013). The challenges of rapid urbanization on sustainable development of Nyanya, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 17(2), 299–313.
11. Frantzeskaki, N. (2019). Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities. Environmental Science and Policy, 93(December 2018), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033
12. Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., Collier, M. J., Kendal, D., Bulkeley, H., Dumitru, A., ... & Pintér, L. (2019). Nature-based solutions for urban climate change adaptation: linking science, policy, and practice communities for evidence-based decision making. BioScience, 69(6), 455-466.
13. Gottwald, S., Brenner, J., Janssen, R. & Albert, C. (2021). Using Geodesign as a boundary management process for planning nature-based solutions in river landscapes. Ambio, 50(8), 1477-1496.
14. Hutchins, M. G., Fletcher, D., Hagen-Zanker, A., Jia, H., Jones, L., Li, H., ... & Yu, S. (2021). Why scale is vital to plan optimal Nature-Based Solutions for resilient cities. Environmental Research Letters, 16(4), 044008.
15. Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., & Hansen, R. (2022). Principles for urban nature-based solutions. Ambio, 1-14.
16. Korkut, A., Gültürk, P. & Topal, T. Ü. (2016). A Study on Ground Permeability of the Urban Landscape Structures: The Case Study of Tekirdağ. Kastamonu Uniersity, Journal of Forestry Faculty, 16(2), 412–422.
17. Korkut, A., Kiper, T. & Topal, T. Ü. (2017). Ecological Approaches in Urban Landscape Design. Artium, 5(1), 14–26.
18. Krauze, K. and Wagner, I. (2019). “From classical water-ecosystem theories to nature-based solutions — Contextualizing nature-based solutions for sustainable city,” Science Total Environment, 655, 697–706, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.187.
19. Majidi, A. N., Vojinovic, Z., Alves, A., Weesakul, S., Sanchez, A., Boogaard, F. & Kluck, J. (2019). Planning nature-based solutions for urban flood reduction and thermal comfort enhancement. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226361 Meerow, S., Newell, J. P. & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and urban planning, 147, 38-49.
20. Memisoglu Baykal, T. Colak, H.E. (2021). Producing climate boundary maps using GIS interface model designed with python. Prog. Phys. Geogr. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333211033223.
21. Memisoglu, T. (2020) Developing the geographical information system interface for green property right defined as environmental disposal restrictions. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Science, Trabzon.
22. Mino, E., Pueyo-Ros, J., Škerjanec, M., Castellar, J. A., Viljoen, A., Istenič, D., ... & Comas, J. (2021). Tools for edible cities: A review of tools for planning and assessing edible nature-based solutions. Water, 13(17), 2366.
23. Rahımbaylı, S., & Polat, E. (2021). Landscape Urbanism and Urban Sustainability. In Ş. E. Beşir, M. B. B. Bulut, & İ. Bekar (Eds.), Architectural Sciences and Sustainability (pp. 97–116). Iksad Publications. Raymond, C. M., Frantzeskaki, N., Kabisch, N., Berry, P., Breil, M., Nita, M. R., Geneletti, D., & Calfapietra, C. (2017). A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas. Environmental Science & Policy, 77, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2017.07.008
24. Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Gonçalves, L. A. P. J. (2019). Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101625.
25. Seddon, N., Smith, A., Smith, P., Key, I., Chausson, A., Girardin, C., House, J., Srivastava, S., & Turner, B. (2021). Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change. Global Change Biology, 27(8), 1518–1546. https://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.15513
26. Somarakis, G., Stagakis, S., & Chrysoulakis, N. (2019). ThinkNature Nature-Based Solutions Handbook. https://platform.think-nature.eu/system/files/thinknature_handbook_final_print_0.pdf
27. Tan, B. A., Gaw, L. Y. F., Masoudi, M. & Richards, D. R. (2021). Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Sustainability: An Ecosystem Services Assessment of Plans for Singapore’s First “Forest Town”. Frontiers in Environmental Sciences, 9, 610155.
28. Topal, T. Ü. (2021). Ecology-Based Planning Approach for Urban Development Areas: Tekirdağ Example. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. PhD Thesis, Institute of Science, Tekirdağ.
29. UNDRR (2021). Words into Action: Nature-based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction.
30. Uttara, S., Bhuvandas, N. & Aggarwal, V. (2012). Impacts of urbanization on environment. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 1637–1645.
31. Wang, Z., Huang, L., Xu, M. & Wang, S. (2021). Bridging the science-practice gaps in nature-based solutions: A riverfront planning in China. Ambio, 50(8), 1532-1550.
32. WEB 1, 2022. https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals, 22 May 2022.
33. WEB 2, 2022. https://www.think-nature.eu/
34. WEB 3, 2022. https://naturvation.eu/index.html
35. WEB 4, 2022. https://naturvation.eu/assessment/maps.html
36. WEB 5, 2022. https://naturvation.eu/assessment/cities
37. WEB 6, 2022. https://www.urbangreenup.eu/
38. WEB 7, 2022. https://www.urbangreenup.eu/cities/)
39. WEB 8, 2022. https://unalab.eu/en
40. WEB 9, 2022. https://unalab.eu/en/our-cities/city-basaksehir
41. WEB 10, 2022. https://platform.think-nature.eu/case-studies
42. Welden, E. A., Chausson, A., & Melanidis, M. S. (2021). Leveraging Nature-based Solutions for transformation: Reconnecting people and nature. People and Nature, 3, 966–977.
43. World Bank. (2008). Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation: Nature-based Solutions from the World Bank Portfolio. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6216.
44. World Bank. (2021). A Catalogue of Nature-based Solutions for Urban Resilience. Washington, D.C. World Bank Group.
45. Yomralıoğlu, T. (2000). Geographic Information Systems Basic Concepts and Applications, Seçil Ofset.