Sovyetler Birliği’nin Akdeniz Politikası ve 1973 Ramazan/Yom Kippur Savaşı

Yıl 2023, , 480 - 499, 31.12.2023

Mehmet Erkan Kıllıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.22466/acusbd.1388297

Öz

Akdeniz’e yönelik Sovyet politikasını siyasi ve coğrafik şartlar belirlemiştir. Bu politika bölgede yaşanan savaşlardan da etkilenmiştir. Bu savaşlardan 20. yüzyılda yaşanan en önemlilerinden biri ise 1973 Ramazan/Yom Kippur Savaşı’dır. Arap-İsrail anlaşmazlığını ve dinamiklerini temelden değiştiren bu savaş, bu açıdan önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır. Yaşanan olaylar yüzünden Akdeniz ve Ortadoğu bölgesi, özellikle 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında dünya siyasetindeki en sorunlu bölgelerden birisi haline gelmiştir. 1973 Ramazan/Yom Kippur Savaşı Ortadoğu bölgesi ile Akdeniz havzasında ama özelikle Doğu Akdeniz’deki siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri dengelerin kalıcı olarak değişmesine ve yeni düzleme oturmasına sebep olmuştur. 1973 Ramazan/Yom Kippur Savaşı kara ve havadaki çatışmalarla sınırlı kalmamış, Akdeniz bölgesine de yansımaları olmuştur. Bu yönü ile de dönemin iki süper gücünü çatışmanın içine çekme riskini beraberinde getirmiştir. İşte sebepten dolayı bu çalışmada 20.yüzyılın son çeyreğinde yaşanan ve Ortadoğu ve Akdeniz bölgesinin geleceğini etkileyen bu önemli siyasi ve askeri olayın Akdeniz’deki dengelere olan etkisi ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

1973 Ramazan/Yom Kippur Savaşı, ABD 6. Filosu, Sovyet 5. Filosu, Arap-İsrail Çatışması, Geri Döndürülemezlik Doktrini

Etik Beyan

-

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

The Soviet Union’s Mediterranean Policy and the Ramadan/Yom Kippur War of 1973

Öz

Soviet policy, attitude and approaches towards the Mediterranean were determined by political and geographical conditions. This policy was also affected by the wars in the region. One of the most important of these wars in the 20th century was the 1973 Ramadan/Yom Kippur War. This war, which fundamentally changed the Arab-Israeli conflict and its dynamics, is an important turning point in this process. The Mediterranean and the Middle East region have become one of the most problematic regions in world politics, especially in the second half of the 20th century. The 1973 Ramadan/Yom Kippur War affected the situations mentioned above and permanently changed the political, economic and military balances in the region, but especially in the Eastern Mediterranean. The 1973 War, which mostly consisted of air and ground wars, but was not limited to land and air conflicts. It also had reflections on the sea. With this aspect, it brought with it the risk of drawing both Cold War era superpowers into the conflict. Therefore, in this study, the maritime dimension of this important political and military event that affected the future of the Middle East and the Mediterranean region in the last quarter of the 20th century was discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

1973 Ramadan/Yom Kippur War, US 6th Fleet, Soviet 5th Fleet, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Irreversibility Doctrine

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Ackley, R. T. (1972). The Soviet Navy’s role in foreign policy. Naval War College Review, 24(9), 48-65.
• Blechman B. M., & Hart, D. M. (1990). The political utility of nuclear weapons: The 1973 Middle East crisis. In Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Steven E. Miller ve Stephen Van Evera (Eds.). Nuclear Diplomacy. MIT Press.
• Bouchard, J. F. (1991). Command in crisis. Columbia University Press.
• Boyne, W. J. (2002). The two o’clock war: The 1973 Yom Kippur conflict and the airlift that saved Israel. Thomas Dunne Books.
• Butler, W. E. (1967). The law of Soviet territorial waters. Frederick A. Praeger.
• Chomeau, J. (1974). Seapower as a political instrument: The Soviet Navy in the Mediterranean. University Microfilms.
• Cote, Jr., O. R. (2003). The third battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy’s silent Cold War struggle with Soviet submarines. Newport Paper 16. Naval War College Press.
• Dawisha, K. (1979). Soviet Foreign Policy towards Egypt. St. Martin’s Press.
• Dobson, C. (1975). Black September: Its short, violent history. Robert Hale Ltd.
• Doyle, J. S. (2016). The Yom Kippur War and the shaping of the United States Air Force. Drew Paper No: 31. School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air University.
• Etzold, T. H. (1984). The soviet union in the mediterrranean. Naval War College Review, 37(4), 4-22.
• Gaddis, J. L. (1982). Strategies of containment: A critical appraisal of postwar American National Security Policy. Oxford University Press.
• Goldstein, L. J., & Zhukov, Y. M. (2004). A tale of two fleets: A Russian perspective on the 1973 naval standoff in the Mediterranean. Naval War College Review, 57(2), 27-63.
• Herzog, C. (1982). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and peace in the Middle East. Random House.
• Isenberg, M. T. (1993). Shield of the republic. St. Martin’s Press.
• Jacobsen, C. G. (1972). The Soviet Navy: Acquiring global capabilities and perspectives. Naval War College Review, 25(3), 41-52.
• Kapitanets, I. (2000). Nasluzhbe okeanskomu flotu. Izdatelstvo Andreevskii Flag.
• Kasatonov, I.V. (1995). Flot vyhodit v okean. Astra-Lyuks.
• Keefe, E. K., vd. (1971). Area handbook for the Soviet Union. U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Kidd, I. C. (1971). United States Naval Institute Proceedings (USNIP), 97/5/819, 342-343.
• Kohler, M. J. (1996). Maneuver by the U.S. Navy in 20th Century blue water operations: Selected historical examples.[Unpublished master’s thesis]. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
• Kostev, G. G. (1999). Voenno-morskoi flotstrany 1945-1995: Vzlety i padeniya. Nauka.
• Lester, J. A. (2019). 1973 Arab-Israeli war: The new character of warfare. School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College.
• Lewis, J. W. (1976). The strategic balance in the Mediterranean. American Institute for Public Policy Research. McCormick, G. H. (1987). The Soviet presence in the Mediterranean. RAND Corporation.
• MccGwire, M. K. (1968). The background to Russian Naval Policy, Brassey’s Annual 1968. Praeger.
• MccGwire, M. (1972). The Mediterranean and the Soviet naval interests. International Journal, 27(4), 511-527.
• Morse, D. R. (2015). Kissinger and the Yom Kippur War. McFarland.
• Polmar, N. (1998). Chronology of the cold war at sea 1945-1991. Naval Institute Press.
• Ra’anan, U. (1971). Soviet global policy and the Middle East. Naval War College Review, 24(1), 19-29.
• Rabinovich, A. (1988). The Boats of cherbourg. Seaver Books/Henry Holt.
• Roberts, S. S. (1982). The Turkish Straits and the Soviet Navy in the Mediterranean. Professional Paper 331. Center for Naval Analyses.
• Sert, L. (2020). Yom Kippur Savaşı ve 32 Türk subayının bilinmeyen hikâyesi. Stratejik Ortak. https://stratejikortak.com/2020/01/yom-kippur-savasi-turk-subaylari.html adresinden 03.11.2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Sokolovsky, V. D. (1968). Voennaya strategia. (3. Baskı). Military Publishing House.
• Vego, M. N. (2000). Soviet and Russian strategy in the Mediterranean since 1945. In John B. Hattendorf (Ed.). Naval strategy and policy in the Mediterranean: Past, present and future (164-194). Frank Cass.
• Watson, B. W. (1982). Red Navy at sea: Soviet naval operations on the high seas, 1956-1980. Westview Press.
• Weinland, R. G. (1979). Superpower naval diplomacy in the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War: A case study. Washington Papers 6, No. 61. Sage Publications.
• Wesselman, W. D. (1995). U.S. Foreign Policy decision-making during the 1973 Arab-Israeli Conflict: Its impact on Soviet-Egyptian foreign relations. Air War College, Air University.
• Winkler, D. F. (2000). Cold war at sea: High-seas confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Naval Institute Press.
• Wolfe, T. W. (1970). Soviet power and Europe 1945-1970. Johns Hopkins Press.
• Yaremenko, V. A., Pochtarev, A. N., & Usikov, A. V. (2000). Rossiya (SSSR) vlokalnykh voinakh i vooruzhennykh konfliktakh vtoroi poloviny XX veka. Kuchkovo Pole, Poligrafresursy.
• Zaborskii,. V. (1999). Zapiski o neizvestnoi voine. Morskoi Sbornik, no. 3.
• Zumwalt Jr., E. R. (1976). On watch. Quadrangle.