Hukuksal Aklın Transhümanistik Temsilleri ve Onto-robotik Varoluş Formları

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 66, 15 - 54, 18.05.2021

Muharrem Kılıç

Öz

Özet: Tarihsel izlekte insanlık, avcı-toplayıcı toplumdan tarım toplumuna; tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna; sanayi toplumundan bilgi toplumuna, bilgi toplumundan süper akıllı topluma doğru evrimsel bir gelişim süreci izlemiştir. İnsanın doğa ve nesneler dünyasına hükmetme arzusuyla harekete geçen ve geliştirilen bu ilerlemeci tekno-bilişsel zihin, modern teknolojinin doğmasına yol açmıştır. Yenilikçi modernizme egemen olan insanı aşma dürtüsü, ‘trans-human, gelişmiş insan ve cyborg’ gibi biçimlerde kendisini göstermektedir. Bu anlayış doğrultusunda üst-insan inşa etmeyi kendisine ilke edinen transhümanist anlayışın geleneksel sistemleri derinden etkileyecek bir potansiyelinin varlığından söz edebiliriz. Transhümanistik anlayış çerçevesinde geliştirilen insan tasavvuru üzerinden “insan haklarının” nasıl uygulanabileceğinin ve hukukun temel ilkelerinin trans-human çağına nasıl adapte edileceği belirsizliğini sürdürmektedir. Bu anlayışın egemen olduğu toplumsal yapıda hukukun sistemsel dönüşümüne ilişkin farklı gelecek öngörüleri bulunmaktadır.
Teknolojik tekilliğe doğru evrilen dijital evrenin dönüştürücü etki alanlarından birisini de hukukun sistemsel işleyişinden yargısal edim süreçlerine kadar bütün hukuksal alanı kapsayan hukuk sektörü oluşturmaktadır. Nitekim bazı hukuk fütüristlerine göre, öngörüye dayalı hukuki analitik yakın bir zamanda ‘hukuki tekillik’ ile sonuçlanacaktır. Bu ‘hukuki tekilliği’ esas alan hukuk sisteminin ‘hukuki belirsizlik’ sorununu bertaraf edeceği öngörülmektedir. Ancak hukuk sisteminde yapısal bir dönüşümle ‘tek tipleştirme, uyumlaştırma ve bütünleştirme’ amacını güden ‘hukuki tekillik’ ideali, hukuk kurallarının ulusal karakterini göz ardı etmektedir. Toplumsal yapının sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel dinamiklerini ve derinlikli sosyolojisini dikkate almayan tekillik ideali, apolitik bir sosyal mekanizme yol açacaktır. Tekillik idealinin öngördüğü temsili onto-robotik aygıtlar, ‘adalet’, ‘hakkaniyet’ ve ‘vicdan’ yetilerine sahip olamayacaktır. Özellikle ceza adaleti açısından vicdani kanaatine göre karar veren yargıcın yapay bir akıl ile ikamesi mümkün gözükmemektedir. Bundan ötürü, hukukun temel ilkeleri dikkate alındığında yapay zeka üzerinden ceza adaletinin tahakkuku birtakım temel etik-jüridik kaygıları beraberinde getirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zeka, Dijitalleşme, transhümanizm, Onto-epistemik devrim, onto-robotik temsil, yargısal edim, algoritmik vicdan, hukuki tekillik

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