Araştırma Makalesi
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Amputasyon cerrahi öncesi hastaların spiritüel iyi oluş düzeyleri ile ameliyat sonrası ağrı düzeyi ve yaşam bulguları arasındaki ilişki

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 70 - 79, 23.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.1617377

Öz

Amaç: Amputasyon cerrahisi öncesi hastaların spiritüel iyi oluş düzeyleri ile ameliyat sonrası ağrı ve yaşam bulguları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı türdeki araştırma, Türkiye’nin doğusundaki bir hastanenin ortopedi kliniğinde Ocak-Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında 175 amputasyon hastasıyla gerçekleştirildi. Verilerin toplanmasında Sosyo-demografik Özellikler Soru Formu, Üç Faktörlü Spiritüel İyi Oluş Ölçeği, Yaşam Bulguları Ölçüm Formu ve Sayısal Ağrı Değerlendirme Ölçeği kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalamasının 60,08±13,87, % 84’ünün kadın ve %46,9’unun ilköğretim mezunu olduğu belirlendi. Spiritüel iyi oluş puan toplam puanının 122,01±10,14 olduğu ve ameliyat sonrası ağrı ile ilişkili olmadığı saptandı (p>0,05). Spiritüel iyi-oluş ile ameliyat sonrası 24. saat ölçülen solunum, ameliyat öncesi ve ameliyat sonrası 8. saatte ölçülen diastolik kan basıncı değerleri arasında negatif yönde zayıf ilişki saptandı (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Hastaların spiritüel iyi oluş düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Manevi iyilik hali arttıkça kan basıncı ve solunum hızı azaldı, ancak ağrıyla herhangi bir ilişki bulunmadı.

Etik Beyan

olarak yürütüldü. Çalışmaya başlamadan önce Hitit Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan (Karar No: 2022-23) etik onay alındı. Ayrıca çalışmanın yapılacağı kurumun başhekimliği ve Anabilim dalı başkanlığından (Sayı No: E-68636013-770-277224) izinler alındı.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışmayı maddi olarak destekleyen kişi/kuruluş yoktur.

Kaynakça

  • Sarroca N, Valero J, Deus J, Casanova J, Luesma MJ, Lahoz M. Quality of life, body image and self-esteem in patients with unilateral transtibial amputations. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(12559): 1-8.
  • World Health Organization. Musculoskeletal Health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions. Haziran 2022’de basıldı. 25 Kasım 2024’de erişildi.
  • World Health Organazition. WHO Analysis Highlights Vast Unmet Rehabilitation Needs İn Gaza. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-09-2024-who-analysis-highlights-vast-unmet-rehabilitation-needs-in-gaza. 26.02.2025’de erişildi
  • Tanır B, Uğur K, Kurt O, Balin ŞÖ. Diyabetik ayak infeksiyonu olan hastalarda nöropatik ağrıya etkili ilaç kullanımının hastaneye yatış sıklığı, debridman ve ampütasyon ihtiyacı üzerine etkisi. Klimik Journal/Klimik Dergisi.2024; 37(3):168-173.
  • Karacaer Z, Yalçı A, Gündüz HŞ, et al. Diyabetik ayak enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda ampütasyon sıklığı ve ampütasyonla ilişkili risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2021;74(Suppl 1):30-35. doı: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.20591
  • Holzer LA, Sevelda F, Fraberger G, Bluder O, Kickinger W, Holzer G. Body image and self-esteem in lower-limb amputees. PloS One. 2014;9(3):e92943. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092943.
  • Özsoy İ, Okyayuz ÜH. Amputasyon geçirmiş kişilerin baş etme becerileri: Olgu sunumu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2016;19(1):45-51. doi:10.5505/kpd.2016.30074.
  • Fradelos EC, Tzavella F, Koukia E, et al. Integrating chronic kidney disease patient’s spirituality in their care: health benefits and research perspectives. Materia socio-medica. 2015;27(5): 354-358. doi:10.5455/msm.2015.27.354-358.
  • Amini K, Tahrekhani M, Abbas-Alamdari Z, Faghihzadeh S. The effect of spiritual care on anxiety about death in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2020; 36:101117. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101117.
  • Hosseini SM, Naseri-Salahshour V, Farsi Z, et al. The effect of spirituality-oriented psychological counseling on the fear of death among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2022;49:102103. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102103
  • Markewych A, Suvar T, Swanson M, et al. Approaches to neuropathic amputation-related pain: narrative review of surgical, interventional, and medical treatments. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2024;49(12):889-899. doi:10.1136/rapm-2023-105089.
  • Christ M. Pain-the fifth vital sign. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;24:150. doi: 10.4414/smw.2020.20215.
  • Gürsoy A, Candaş B, Güner Ş, Yılmaz S. Preoperative stress: An operating room nurse intervention assessment. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 2016;31(6):495-503. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2015.08.011.
  • Ekşi H, Kardaş S. Spiritual well-being: Scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling. 2017; 2(1):73–88. doi:10.12738/spc.2017.1.0022.
  • Kardaş S. Erratum: Correcting the name of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale as the Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling. 2019;4:85–85. doi:10.12738/spc.2019.4.1.0068.
  • Eti-Aslan F. Ağrı değerlendirme yöntemleri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi. 2002;6(1):9-16.
  • Langeveld M, Bosman R, Hundepool CA, et al. Phantom limb pain and painful neuroma after dysvascular lower-extremity amputation: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2024;58(2):142-150. doi:10.1177/15385744231197097.
  • Limakatso K, Lebiletsa T, Smeets RJEM, Parker R. Care priorities for ındividuals with lower extremity amputations: a patient delphi study. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2024;38(10):1415-1426. doi:10.1177/02692155241258913.
  • Shue S, Wu-Fienberg Y, Chepla KJ. Psychiatric disease after isolated traumatic upper extremity amputation. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2021;13(02):75-80. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701156.
  • Pedras S, Meira-Machado L, Couto de Carvalho A, Carvalho R, Pereira MG. Anxiety and/or depression: which symptoms contribute to adverse clinical outcomes after amputation? J. Ment. Health.2022; 31: 792–800.
  • Seyman. CC, Ozcetin YSU. “I wish I could have my leg”: a qualitative study on the experiences of ındividuals with lower limb amputation. Clin. Nurs. Res. 2022;31(3): 509–518. doi:10.1177/10547738211047711.
  • de Diego-Cordero R, Suárez-Reina P, Badanta B, Lucchetti G, Vega-Escano J. (2022). The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research. 2022;67:151618. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151618.
  • Kizilkurt OK, Kizilkurt T, Gulec MY, et al. Quality of life after lower extremity amputation due to diabetic foot ulcer: The role of prosthesis-related factors, body image, self-esteem, and coping styles. Dusunen. Adam. J. Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 2020;3(2):109–119. doi:10.14744/dajpns.2020.00070.
  • Salomé GM, Pereira VR, Ferreira LM. Spirituality and subjective wellbeing in patients with lower-limb ulceration. Journal of Wound Care. 2013;22(5):230-236. doi:10.12968/jowc.2013.22.5.230.
  • Salomé GM, De Almeida, SA, Mendes B, et al. Association of sociodemographic factors with spirituality and hope in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 2017;30(1):35–39. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000508446.58173.29.
  • Erol F. Reflection of spiritual care in nursing process. Journal of Innovative Healthcare Practices.2020;1(1):30–39.
  • Çınaroglu M. Religion, spirituality, mental health and wellbeing; a revıew. Journal of Religion and Human. 2023;3(6):46–64.
  • Korkut S. Comparison of the predictive role of spiritual well-being and pain ıntensity on pain catastrophizing in acute and chronic pain. Pain Management Nursing.2025;6(32): 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.12.024.
  • Korkut S, Ülker T, Saatçi G. The power of spiritual well-being: Its relationship with pain intensity, pain management, and pain catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain. Pain Management Nursing. 2024;25(1): 62–68. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.004.
  • Arefpour AM, Foroughi A, Jamshidi K, et al. The effect of multidimensional spiritual psychotherapy on the quality of life of bone cancer survivors with a history of lower extremity amputation. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2024;25(2):425-431. doi:10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.425.
  • Grossoehme DH, Friebert S, Baker JN, et al. Association of religious and spiritual factors with patient-reported outcomes of anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and pain ınterference among adolescents and young adults with cancer. JAMA network open. 2020;3(6):e206696. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6696.
  • Abrahamsen C, Madsen UR, Jensen APS, Bundgaard K, Jensen CM, Kristensen PK. Validity and reliability of the danish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in patients with major lower extremity amputations: A psychometric study. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. 2025;56: 101157. doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2025.101157.
  • Ichihara K, Ouchi S, Okayama S, et al. Effectiveness of spiritual care using spiritual pain assessment sheet for advanced cancer patients: A pilot non-randomized controlled trial. Palliative & Supportive Care. 2019;17(1):46-53. doi:10.1017/S1478951518000901.
  • Peirano AH, Franz RW. Spirituality and quality of life in limb amputees. The International Journal of Angiology : Official Publication of the International College of Angiology. 2012;21(1):47–52. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304275.
  • Teixeira MEF, Vitorino PVO, Brandão AA, et al. Influence of spiritual well-being on blood pressure, central hemodynamics and endothelial function. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2022;119(4):622–626. doi:10.36660/abc.20210886.
  • Khabiri R, Jahangiry L, Abbasian M, et al. Spiritually based ınterventions for high blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Religion and Health. 2024;63(5):3474–3500. doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02034-3.
  • Shattuck E C, Muehlenbein MP. Religiosity/spirituality and physiological markers of health. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020; 59(2):1035-1054. doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0663-6.
  • Li L, Chen M, Yu N, Zhang Q. Effectiveness of spiritual care interventions among patients in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing in Critical Care. 2024;1-13. doi:10.1111/nicc.13202.

Relationship between spiritual well-being levels of patients before amputation surgery and level of pain and vital signs postoperative

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 70 - 79, 23.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.1617377

Öz

Aim: To determine the relationship between the spiritual well-being levels of patients before amputation surgery and postoperative pain and vital signs.
Materials and Methods: The descriptive and correlational study was conducted in the orthopedic clinic of a hospital in eastern Turkey between January and December 2023 with 175 amputation patients. The Socio-demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Vital Signs Measurement Form, and Numerical Pain Assessment Scale were used to collect data.
Results: The mean age was 60.08±13.87; 84% were female, and 46.9% were primary school graduates. The total spiritual well-being score was 122.01±10.14 and was not associated with postoperative pain (p>0.05). A weak negative correlation was found between spiritual well-being and the respiration measured at 24 hours after surgery and the diastolic blood pressure values measured before surgery and at 8 hours after surgery (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The patients' high levels of spiritual well-being were determined. Blood pressure and respiratory rate decreased as spiritual well-being increased, but no relationship was found with pain.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma Helsinki Bildirgesi'ne uygun olarak yürütüldü. Çalışmaya başlamadan önce Hitit Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan (Karar No: 2022-23) etik onay alındı. Ayrıca çalışmanın yapılacağı kurumun başhekimliği ve Anabilim dalı başkanlığından (Sayı No: E-68636013-770-277224) izinler alındı.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışmayı maddi olarak destekleyen kişi/kuruluş yoktur.

Kaynakça

  • Sarroca N, Valero J, Deus J, Casanova J, Luesma MJ, Lahoz M. Quality of life, body image and self-esteem in patients with unilateral transtibial amputations. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(12559): 1-8.
  • World Health Organization. Musculoskeletal Health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions. Haziran 2022’de basıldı. 25 Kasım 2024’de erişildi.
  • World Health Organazition. WHO Analysis Highlights Vast Unmet Rehabilitation Needs İn Gaza. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-09-2024-who-analysis-highlights-vast-unmet-rehabilitation-needs-in-gaza. 26.02.2025’de erişildi
  • Tanır B, Uğur K, Kurt O, Balin ŞÖ. Diyabetik ayak infeksiyonu olan hastalarda nöropatik ağrıya etkili ilaç kullanımının hastaneye yatış sıklığı, debridman ve ampütasyon ihtiyacı üzerine etkisi. Klimik Journal/Klimik Dergisi.2024; 37(3):168-173.
  • Karacaer Z, Yalçı A, Gündüz HŞ, et al. Diyabetik ayak enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda ampütasyon sıklığı ve ampütasyonla ilişkili risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2021;74(Suppl 1):30-35. doı: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.20591
  • Holzer LA, Sevelda F, Fraberger G, Bluder O, Kickinger W, Holzer G. Body image and self-esteem in lower-limb amputees. PloS One. 2014;9(3):e92943. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092943.
  • Özsoy İ, Okyayuz ÜH. Amputasyon geçirmiş kişilerin baş etme becerileri: Olgu sunumu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2016;19(1):45-51. doi:10.5505/kpd.2016.30074.
  • Fradelos EC, Tzavella F, Koukia E, et al. Integrating chronic kidney disease patient’s spirituality in their care: health benefits and research perspectives. Materia socio-medica. 2015;27(5): 354-358. doi:10.5455/msm.2015.27.354-358.
  • Amini K, Tahrekhani M, Abbas-Alamdari Z, Faghihzadeh S. The effect of spiritual care on anxiety about death in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2020; 36:101117. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101117.
  • Hosseini SM, Naseri-Salahshour V, Farsi Z, et al. The effect of spirituality-oriented psychological counseling on the fear of death among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2022;49:102103. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102103
  • Markewych A, Suvar T, Swanson M, et al. Approaches to neuropathic amputation-related pain: narrative review of surgical, interventional, and medical treatments. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2024;49(12):889-899. doi:10.1136/rapm-2023-105089.
  • Christ M. Pain-the fifth vital sign. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;24:150. doi: 10.4414/smw.2020.20215.
  • Gürsoy A, Candaş B, Güner Ş, Yılmaz S. Preoperative stress: An operating room nurse intervention assessment. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 2016;31(6):495-503. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2015.08.011.
  • Ekşi H, Kardaş S. Spiritual well-being: Scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling. 2017; 2(1):73–88. doi:10.12738/spc.2017.1.0022.
  • Kardaş S. Erratum: Correcting the name of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale as the Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling. 2019;4:85–85. doi:10.12738/spc.2019.4.1.0068.
  • Eti-Aslan F. Ağrı değerlendirme yöntemleri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi. 2002;6(1):9-16.
  • Langeveld M, Bosman R, Hundepool CA, et al. Phantom limb pain and painful neuroma after dysvascular lower-extremity amputation: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2024;58(2):142-150. doi:10.1177/15385744231197097.
  • Limakatso K, Lebiletsa T, Smeets RJEM, Parker R. Care priorities for ındividuals with lower extremity amputations: a patient delphi study. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2024;38(10):1415-1426. doi:10.1177/02692155241258913.
  • Shue S, Wu-Fienberg Y, Chepla KJ. Psychiatric disease after isolated traumatic upper extremity amputation. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2021;13(02):75-80. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701156.
  • Pedras S, Meira-Machado L, Couto de Carvalho A, Carvalho R, Pereira MG. Anxiety and/or depression: which symptoms contribute to adverse clinical outcomes after amputation? J. Ment. Health.2022; 31: 792–800.
  • Seyman. CC, Ozcetin YSU. “I wish I could have my leg”: a qualitative study on the experiences of ındividuals with lower limb amputation. Clin. Nurs. Res. 2022;31(3): 509–518. doi:10.1177/10547738211047711.
  • de Diego-Cordero R, Suárez-Reina P, Badanta B, Lucchetti G, Vega-Escano J. (2022). The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Nursing Research. 2022;67:151618. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151618.
  • Kizilkurt OK, Kizilkurt T, Gulec MY, et al. Quality of life after lower extremity amputation due to diabetic foot ulcer: The role of prosthesis-related factors, body image, self-esteem, and coping styles. Dusunen. Adam. J. Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 2020;3(2):109–119. doi:10.14744/dajpns.2020.00070.
  • Salomé GM, Pereira VR, Ferreira LM. Spirituality and subjective wellbeing in patients with lower-limb ulceration. Journal of Wound Care. 2013;22(5):230-236. doi:10.12968/jowc.2013.22.5.230.
  • Salomé GM, De Almeida, SA, Mendes B, et al. Association of sociodemographic factors with spirituality and hope in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 2017;30(1):35–39. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000508446.58173.29.
  • Erol F. Reflection of spiritual care in nursing process. Journal of Innovative Healthcare Practices.2020;1(1):30–39.
  • Çınaroglu M. Religion, spirituality, mental health and wellbeing; a revıew. Journal of Religion and Human. 2023;3(6):46–64.
  • Korkut S. Comparison of the predictive role of spiritual well-being and pain ıntensity on pain catastrophizing in acute and chronic pain. Pain Management Nursing.2025;6(32): 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.12.024.
  • Korkut S, Ülker T, Saatçi G. The power of spiritual well-being: Its relationship with pain intensity, pain management, and pain catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain. Pain Management Nursing. 2024;25(1): 62–68. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.004.
  • Arefpour AM, Foroughi A, Jamshidi K, et al. The effect of multidimensional spiritual psychotherapy on the quality of life of bone cancer survivors with a history of lower extremity amputation. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2024;25(2):425-431. doi:10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.425.
  • Grossoehme DH, Friebert S, Baker JN, et al. Association of religious and spiritual factors with patient-reported outcomes of anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and pain ınterference among adolescents and young adults with cancer. JAMA network open. 2020;3(6):e206696. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6696.
  • Abrahamsen C, Madsen UR, Jensen APS, Bundgaard K, Jensen CM, Kristensen PK. Validity and reliability of the danish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in patients with major lower extremity amputations: A psychometric study. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing. 2025;56: 101157. doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2025.101157.
  • Ichihara K, Ouchi S, Okayama S, et al. Effectiveness of spiritual care using spiritual pain assessment sheet for advanced cancer patients: A pilot non-randomized controlled trial. Palliative & Supportive Care. 2019;17(1):46-53. doi:10.1017/S1478951518000901.
  • Peirano AH, Franz RW. Spirituality and quality of life in limb amputees. The International Journal of Angiology : Official Publication of the International College of Angiology. 2012;21(1):47–52. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304275.
  • Teixeira MEF, Vitorino PVO, Brandão AA, et al. Influence of spiritual well-being on blood pressure, central hemodynamics and endothelial function. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2022;119(4):622–626. doi:10.36660/abc.20210886.
  • Khabiri R, Jahangiry L, Abbasian M, et al. Spiritually based ınterventions for high blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Religion and Health. 2024;63(5):3474–3500. doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02034-3.
  • Shattuck E C, Muehlenbein MP. Religiosity/spirituality and physiological markers of health. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020; 59(2):1035-1054. doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0663-6.
  • Li L, Chen M, Yu N, Zhang Q. Effectiveness of spiritual care interventions among patients in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nursing in Critical Care. 2024;1-13. doi:10.1111/nicc.13202.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Cerrahi Hastalıklar Hemşireliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Remziye Cici 0000-0003-3977-492X

Ahmet Özdemir 0000-0002-4492-8172

Gülnaz Kızılkaya 0000-0003-2477-3561

Meral Özkan 0000-0003-3930-3490

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Cici R, Özdemir A, Kızılkaya G, Özkan M. Amputasyon cerrahi öncesi hastaların spiritüel iyi oluş düzeyleri ile ameliyat sonrası ağrı düzeyi ve yaşam bulguları arasındaki ilişki. ADYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg. Nisan 2025;11(1):70-79. doi:10.30569/adiyamansaglik.1617377