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SIHIRLI MANTAR BÜYÜTME KITLERI: UYUŞTURUCU YASALARINI IHLAL ETMEK IÇIN YENI BIR YÖNTEM

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 307 - 316, 31.12.2014
https://izlik.org/JA29KL44SP

Öz

Bugün dünyadaki birçok ülkede psiko-aktif etkili mantarların uyarıcı amaçlı suistimali artan bir problem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sihirli mantar olarak bilinen bu mantarlar doğada bulunmakla birlikte sıklıkla piyasada kültürel mantar olarak üretilen şekli pazarlanmaktadır. Doğadan yanlışlıkla toplanıldığında ve yenildiğinde herhangi bir suçun oluşması mümkün değildir. Doğadan yanlışlıkla toplanıldığında ve yenildiğinde herhangi bir suçun oluşması mümkün değildir. Kültürel olarak üretilen taze, kurutulmuş, toz veya kapsül halinde pazarlandıkları takdirde yasal sorumluluk doğmaktadır. Çünkü mantarın içerdiği psilosin ve psilosibin 1971 Psikotrop Maddeler Sözleşmesi Ek 1 listede yer aldığı gibi ülkemizde de 2313 sayılı Uyuşturucu Maddelerin Murakebesi Hakkında Kanunun 19. maddesi gereği uyuşturucu maddeler kapsamına alınmıştır. Son zamanlarda internet üzerinden sihirli mantarın kendisi yerine ev koşullarında üretilmesine yönelik mantar sporları, mantar büyütme kitleri, yumurtlama çantaları gibi ürünler pazarlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada internet üzerinden mantar yetiştirme kiti sipariş eden iki olgu sunulmuştur. Mantar tohumu katılmış toprak, gübre, tahıl ve bitki besleyiciler içeren bu materyal yakalandığı durumu itibarı ile mantar ekimi olduğu kabul edilse bile mevzuatımızda böyle bir fiili cezalandıran bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. Ülkemizde sadece afyon ve kenevirin izinsiz ekilmesi ve üretilmesi suç olarak düzenlenmiştir. Dolayısı ile mevzuatımızdaki bu ve benzer boşlukları giderici düzenlemelere ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Yakalanan kitin uygun koşullar sağlandığında on gün içerisinde psilosin içeren sihirli mantarlara dönüştüğü bilirkişi raporunda belirtilmiştir. Ancak kite el konulduğundaki haliyle psilosin elde edilmesi mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle şahsın eylemini uyuşturucu maddeyi imal suçunun icra hareketleri kapsamında değerlendirmeyip hazırlık hareketleri kapsamında değerlendirmek uygun olacaktır. Yakalanan materyalden mantar elde edilmesi kesin olmadığından sadece kitin elde bulundurulması uyuşturucu madde imali suçuna teşebbüs olarak kabul edilemez. Buna karşılık, bu kitlerdeki maddelerden uygun ortam ve koşullar sağlanarak mantar yetiştirilmeye başlanmasıyla suça teşebbüs aşamasına geçildiği kabul edilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA . Hallucinogenic mushrooms: the challenge of responding to naturally occurring substances in an electronic age. Available at: http://www. emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/ att_44767_EN_Dif15EN.pdf Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2014.
  • Guzmán G, Allen JW, Garrtz J. A Worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion. Annali dei Museo civicoRovereto 2000;14:189-280.
  • Kibar B, Pekşen A. Mantarlardan elde edilen sclerotia ve fonksiyonel gıda olarak kullanımı. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Tech 2012;2 3 :23-36.
  • Hillebrand J, Olszewski D, Sedefov R. Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA , Lisbon, 2006.
  • Cunningham N. Hallucinogenic plants of abuse. Emerg Med Australas 2008;20 2 :167-74.
  • Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R. Psilocybin can occasion mysticaltype experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology Berl 2006;187 3 :268-83.
  • Hallock RM, Dean A, Knecht ZA, Spencer J, Taverna EC. A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;130 1-3 :245-8.
  • Musshoff F, Madea B, Beike J. Hallucinogenic mushrooms on the German market - simple instructions for examination and identification. Forensic Sci Int 2000;113 1-3 :389-95.
  • Beck O, Helander A, KarlsonStiber C, Stephansson N. Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic psilocybe mushroom: possible role in adverce reactions: J Anal Toxicol 1998;22 1 :45-9.
  • Lima AD, Costa Fortes R, Carvalho Garbi Novaes MR, Percarios S. Poisonous mushrooms: a review of the most common intoxications. Nutr Hosp 2012;27 2 :402-8.
  • Stebelska K. Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities. Ther Drug Monit 2013;35 4 :420-42.
  • Raff E, Halloran PF, Kjellstrand CM. Renal failure after eating “magic” mushrooms. CMAJ 1992;147 9 :1339-41.
  • Schwartz RH, Smith DE. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Clin Pediatr Phila 1988;27 2 :70-3.
  • Hallock RM, Dean A, Knecht ZA, Spencer J, Taverna EC. A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;130 1-3 :245-8.
  • Lassen JF, Lassen NF, Skov J. Hallucinogenic mushroom use by Danish students: pattern of consumption. J Intern Med 1993;233 2 :111-2.
  • Riley SC, Blackman G. Between prohibitions: patterns and meanings of magic mushroom use in the UK. Subst Use Misuse 2008;43 1 :55-71.
  • Celbis O, Karaca M, Ozdemir B, Baransel Isır A. Cinsel suçlarda muayene. Harran Tıp Fak Der 2004;1 4 :48-52.
  • Hasler F, Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX. Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healty human: a double blind, placebo conrtolled mdose-effect study. Psychopharmacology Berl 2004;172 2 :145-56.
  • Anthony D, Harries Valmai Evans. Sequelae of a ‘magic mushroom banquet’ Postgrad Med J 1981;57 671 :571–72.
  • Nielen RJ, Van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM. Khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004;5 1 :49-53.
  • Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider Scherpenhuyzen MFI, Babler A, Vogel H, Hell D. Psilocibin indoces schizophrenialike pyschosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport 1998;9 17 :3897-902.
  • Halpern JH, Pope HGJ. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;69 2 :109-13.
  • Gonmori K, Yoshioka N. Fatal ingestion of magic mushrooms: a case report. Ann. Toxicol. Annal 2002;14:350.
  • Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K. The content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata. Planta Med 1981;42 7 :229-35.
  • Van Amsterdam JGC, Talhaut R, Vleeming W, Opperhuizen A. Contribution of monoamine oxidase inhibition to tobacco and alcohol addiction. Life Sci 2006;79 21 :1969- 73.
  • Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Mac Gregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 1996;379 6567 :733-6.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA . Legal status of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ html. cfm/index17341EN.html Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2014.
  • Van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, V. Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011;59 3 :423-9.
  • Nutt DJ, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 2007;369 9566 :1047-53.
  • Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet 2010;376 9752 :1558-65.
  • Bickel M, Ditting T, Watz H, Roesler A, Weidauer S, Jacobi V, Gueller S, Betz C, Fichtlscherer S, Stein J. Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after magic mushroom abuse. Eur J Emerg Med 2005;12 6 :306-8.
  • http://www.midwestgrowkits.com/ spawn-bags. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2014.
  • http://www.magicmushroom.com/ product/ready-2-growkit-mexican-gold Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2014.
  • Resmî Gazete 22474 sayılı . Erişim: www.resmigazete.gov.tr Erişim tarihi: 25.11.1995.

MAGIC MUSHROOM GROWING KITS: A NEW METHOD FOR INFRINGEMENT OF THE NARCOTIC LAWS

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 307 - 316, 31.12.2014
https://izlik.org/JA29KL44SP

Öz

The use of psychoactive substances of fungal origin for recreational purposes has become an increasing problem in many countries all over the world. These fungis known as magic mushrooms can be grown wildly however their cultural products has been marketing more often. If their wild products are mistakenly collected and eaten by someone, there is not any infringement of law. Whereas marketing of their cultural products at any form such as fresh, dried, powered or capsulated causes legal responsibility. Because, psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances as well as they are listed as psycho-active substances according to the 19 th. paragraph of the act numbered 2313 in Turkey. Recently, instead of ready to use mushrooms, mushroom spores, mushroom growing kits, and spawn bags have been marketed by internet to grow own mushroom at home. At this study, two cases who ordered mushroom growing kit from internet are presented. These growing kits which contain soil, mushroom seeds, fertilizer, and grains are seizured by customers. Even though these materials are assumed as mushroom plantation as is seizured, there isn’t any prohibition of these action in Turkish laws and regulations. Illegal plantation of cannabis and opium poppy are merely regulated as a criminal offense in Turkish Law. Therefore, there is a real need to close regulation gaps. It is underlined at the expert witness report that the seizured material has became a psilocin containing magic mushroom in approximately 10 days at the convinient condition. However, it does’nt contain psilocin as is seizured condition. Therefore, the procurement of this material by perpetrator should be evaluated as a preparatory activity of narcotic substance production crime, instead of execution activity.The procurement of this material per se could not be accepted as an attempt to produce narcotic substance, because it is unpredictable whether it grows to psilocin containing magic mushroom. On the contrary, it is accepted that the stage is an attempt to produce narcotic substance when the plant is proliferated in convenient condition.

Kaynakça

  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA . Hallucinogenic mushrooms: the challenge of responding to naturally occurring substances in an electronic age. Available at: http://www. emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/ att_44767_EN_Dif15EN.pdf Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2014.
  • Guzmán G, Allen JW, Garrtz J. A Worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion. Annali dei Museo civicoRovereto 2000;14:189-280.
  • Kibar B, Pekşen A. Mantarlardan elde edilen sclerotia ve fonksiyonel gıda olarak kullanımı. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. Tech 2012;2 3 :23-36.
  • Hillebrand J, Olszewski D, Sedefov R. Hallucinogenic mushrooms: an emerging trend case study. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA , Lisbon, 2006.
  • Cunningham N. Hallucinogenic plants of abuse. Emerg Med Australas 2008;20 2 :167-74.
  • Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R. Psilocybin can occasion mysticaltype experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology Berl 2006;187 3 :268-83.
  • Hallock RM, Dean A, Knecht ZA, Spencer J, Taverna EC. A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;130 1-3 :245-8.
  • Musshoff F, Madea B, Beike J. Hallucinogenic mushrooms on the German market - simple instructions for examination and identification. Forensic Sci Int 2000;113 1-3 :389-95.
  • Beck O, Helander A, KarlsonStiber C, Stephansson N. Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic psilocybe mushroom: possible role in adverce reactions: J Anal Toxicol 1998;22 1 :45-9.
  • Lima AD, Costa Fortes R, Carvalho Garbi Novaes MR, Percarios S. Poisonous mushrooms: a review of the most common intoxications. Nutr Hosp 2012;27 2 :402-8.
  • Stebelska K. Fungal hallucinogens psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol: analytical methods and biologic activities. Ther Drug Monit 2013;35 4 :420-42.
  • Raff E, Halloran PF, Kjellstrand CM. Renal failure after eating “magic” mushrooms. CMAJ 1992;147 9 :1339-41.
  • Schwartz RH, Smith DE. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Clin Pediatr Phila 1988;27 2 :70-3.
  • Hallock RM, Dean A, Knecht ZA, Spencer J, Taverna EC. A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;130 1-3 :245-8.
  • Lassen JF, Lassen NF, Skov J. Hallucinogenic mushroom use by Danish students: pattern of consumption. J Intern Med 1993;233 2 :111-2.
  • Riley SC, Blackman G. Between prohibitions: patterns and meanings of magic mushroom use in the UK. Subst Use Misuse 2008;43 1 :55-71.
  • Celbis O, Karaca M, Ozdemir B, Baransel Isır A. Cinsel suçlarda muayene. Harran Tıp Fak Der 2004;1 4 :48-52.
  • Hasler F, Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX. Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healty human: a double blind, placebo conrtolled mdose-effect study. Psychopharmacology Berl 2004;172 2 :145-56.
  • Anthony D, Harries Valmai Evans. Sequelae of a ‘magic mushroom banquet’ Postgrad Med J 1981;57 671 :571–72.
  • Nielen RJ, Van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM. Khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004;5 1 :49-53.
  • Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider Scherpenhuyzen MFI, Babler A, Vogel H, Hell D. Psilocibin indoces schizophrenialike pyschosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport 1998;9 17 :3897-902.
  • Halpern JH, Pope HGJ. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;69 2 :109-13.
  • Gonmori K, Yoshioka N. Fatal ingestion of magic mushrooms: a case report. Ann. Toxicol. Annal 2002;14:350.
  • Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, Høiland K. The content of Psilocybin in Norwegian Psilocybe semilanceata. Planta Med 1981;42 7 :229-35.
  • Van Amsterdam JGC, Talhaut R, Vleeming W, Opperhuizen A. Contribution of monoamine oxidase inhibition to tobacco and alcohol addiction. Life Sci 2006;79 21 :1969- 73.
  • Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Mac Gregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 1996;379 6567 :733-6.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA . Legal status of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ html. cfm/index17341EN.html Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2014.
  • Van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, V. Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011;59 3 :423-9.
  • Nutt DJ, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 2007;369 9566 :1047-53.
  • Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet 2010;376 9752 :1558-65.
  • Bickel M, Ditting T, Watz H, Roesler A, Weidauer S, Jacobi V, Gueller S, Betz C, Fichtlscherer S, Stein J. Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after magic mushroom abuse. Eur J Emerg Med 2005;12 6 :306-8.
  • http://www.midwestgrowkits.com/ spawn-bags. Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2014.
  • http://www.magicmushroom.com/ product/ready-2-growkit-mexican-gold Erişim tarihi: 09.01.2014.
  • Resmî Gazete 22474 sayılı . Erişim: www.resmigazete.gov.tr Erişim tarihi: 25.11.1995.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Adli Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Faruk Aşıcıoğlu Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Okudan Bu kişi benim

Nilay Derman Bu kişi benim

Mahmut Koca Bu kişi benim

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2014
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2014
IZ https://izlik.org/JA29KL44SP
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Faruk Aşıcıoğlu, Mustafa Okudan, Nilay Derman, Mahmut Koca. SIHIRLI MANTAR BÜYÜTME KITLERI: UYUŞTURUCU YASALARINI IHLAL ETMEK IÇIN YENI BIR YÖNTEM. ATD [Internet]. 01 Aralık 2014;28(3):307-16. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA29KL44SP

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