Araştırma Makalesi
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Evaluation of Postmortem Decay Processes in the Underwater Environment of the Black Sea Using A Rat Model: Seasonal, Biological and Microbial Dynamics

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 269 - 286, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1748857

Öz

Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the diversity of necrophagous fauna specific to the Black Sea ecosystem and the effect of these organisms on postmortem decay processes from a seasonal perspective. In the experimental study carried out off the coast of Sinop, on the Black Sea coast of Türkiye, rat samples were used to represent human cadavers. In the study covering the spring (April-May 2024) and winter (December 2024–January 2025) periods, the subjects were fixed to the seabed at a depth of 13 meters and followed with daily dive observations for 92 days. Environmental variables such as water temperature, pH, salinity and biotic interactions were regularly recorded throughout the process.
Methods;The decay process was analyzed at both macroscopic deformation and microbial level. The spatial distribution of deformation was reported in detail, classified on the basis of body regions. Additionally, tissue hardness measurements were performed under underwater conditions with a Shore A type durometer and temporal changes were monitored with quantitative data. In the analyses of necrophagous communities, the distribution of scavenging species specific to the Black Sea was listed in detail, and it was determined that species richness and biological interactions were higher in the winter period.
Results and Conclusion; Metagenomic sequencing data revealed that sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Sulfurovum, which are particularly effective in anaerobic environments, are dominant, while the Aenigmarchaeota phylum of the Archaea domain shows low diversity. The results highlight the importance of biological and environmental indicators in underwater forensic cases.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu’nun 26.04.2024 tarihli ve E-68489742-604.01-2400079539 sayılı kararıyla etik kurul onayı alarak yürütülmüştür. “Seçen Cesetlerinin Deniz Suyu Altındaki Deformasyon Sürecinin İncelenmesi” başlıklı araştırma, 2024-08 numaralı proje kapsamında, Hayvan Hakları ve Deney Etik İlkelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada etik ihlal, intihal, sahtecilik, çarpıtma, dilimleme gibi bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiğine aykırı herhangi bir durum bulunmamaktadır. Tüm yazarlar çalışmaya aktif katkı sağlamış, etik kurallara ve akademik yayın ilkelerine tam olarak riayet edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Caruso, J. L. (2016). Decomposition changes in bodies recovered from water. Academic Forensic Pathology, 6(1), 19–27 [internet]. Academic Forensic Pathology; 2016 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23907/2016.003
  • 2. Murray JW, Yakushev EV. The suboxic transition zone in the Black Sea. In: Neretin LN, editor. Past and present water column anoxia. Vol. 64. Dordrecht: Springer; 2006. p. 105–138 [internet]. Springer Nature; 1999 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4568-8_6
  • 3. Jessen GL, Lichtschlag A, Ramette A, Pantoja S, Rossel PE, Schubert CJ, Struck U, Boetiuset A. Hypoxia causes preservation of labile organic matter and changes seafloor microbial community composition (Black Sea). Sci Adv. 2017;3(2):e1601897 [internet]. Science Advances; 2017 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601897
  • 4. De Donno, A., Campobasso, C. P., Santoro, V., Leonardi, S., Tafuri, S., & Introna, F. (2015). Bodies in sequestered and non-sequestered aquatic environments: A comparative taphonomic study using decompositional scoring system. Science & Justice, 55(1), 64-70. [internet]. Science & Justice; 2014 [Accessed on: August 1,2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2014.10.003
  • 5. Dalal, J., Sharma, S., Bhardwaj, T., & Dhattarwal, S.k. (2023).Assessment of post-mortem submersion interval using total aquatic decomposition scores of drowed human cadavers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 68(2), 549-557. [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2023 [Accessed on: August 1, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15220
  • 6. Soysal Z, Çakalır C. Forensic Medicine. Vol. 1. [in Turkish]. Istanbul: Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Publications; 1999.p.472-3
  • 7. Simmons T, Cross PA, Adlam RE, Moffatt C. The influence of insects on decomposition rate in different environments. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(3):882–888 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2010 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01402.x
  • 8. De Pelsmaeker N, Ferry N, Stiegler J, Selva N, von Hoermann C, Müller J, Heurich M. Seasonal variability of scavenger visitations is independent of carrion predictability. Basic Appl Ecol. 2024;79:57–64 [internet]. Basic and Applied Ecology; 2024 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2024.05.005
  • 9. De Teske A., Sørensen KB. Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: Have we caught them all? ISME J. 2008;2(1):3–18 [internet]. Isme Journal; 2008 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.90
  • 10. Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature. 2013;499(7459):431–437 [internet]. Nature; 2013 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12352
  • 11. Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexander H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar F, Bai Y, Bisanz JE, Bittinger K, Brejnrod A, Brislawn CJ, Brown CT, Callahan BJ, Caraballo- Rodríguez AM, Chase J, Cope EK, Da Silva R, Diener C, Dorrestein PC, Douglas GM, Durall DM, Duvallet C, Edwardson CF, Ernst M, Estaki M, Fouquier J, Gauglitz JM, Gibbons SM, Gibson DL, Gonzalez A, Gorlick K, Guo J, Hillmann B, Holmes S, Holste H, Huttenhower C, Huttley GA, Janssen S, Jarmusch AK, Jiang L, Kaehler BD, Kang KB, Keefe CR, Keim P, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koester I, Kosciolek T, ...(2019). Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nature Biotechnology, 37, 852-857. [internet]. Nature Biotechnology; 2019 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9
  • 12. Han Y, Perner M. The globally widespread genus Sulfurimonas: Versatile energy metabolisms and adaptations to redox clines. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:989 [internet]. Frontiers in Microbiology; 2015 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00989
  • 13. Inagaki F, Takai K, Kobayashi H, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K. Sulfurimonas autotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53(6):1801–1805[internet]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology; 2003 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02682-0
  • 14. Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkornet KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield KF. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. Curr Biol. 2015;25(6):690–701 [internet]. Current Biology; 2015 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014
  • 15. Garritano AN, Majzoub ME, Ribeiro B, Damasceno T, Modolon F, Messias C, Vilela C, Duarte G, Hill L, Peixoto R, Thomas T. Speciesspecific relationships between deep sea sponges and their symbiotic Nitrosopumilaceae. ISME J. 2023;17(6):1517– 1519 [internet]. Isme Journal; 2023 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01439-4
  • 16. Pernthaler A, Dekas AE, Brown CT, Orphan VJ. Diverse syntrophic Adli Tıp Dergisi 286 Sualtı Ortamında Postmortem Çürüme Dinamikleri partnerships from deep-sea methane vents revealed by direct cell capture and metagenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(19):7052–7057 [internet]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 2008 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711303105
  • 17. Madea, B., & Doberentz, E. (2010). Commentary on: Heaton, V., Lagden, A., Moffatt, C., & Simmons, T. Predicting the postmortem submersion interval for human remains recovered from U.K. waterways. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(2), 302–307 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2010 [Accessed on: October 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01517.x
  • 18. Pechal, J. L., Crippen, T. L., Tarone, A. M., Lewis, A. J., Tomberlin, J. K., & Benbow, M. E. (2013). Microbial community functional change during vertebrate carrion decomposition. PLOS ONE, 8(11), e79035 [internet]. PLOS ONE; 2013 [Accessed on: October 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079035
  • 19. Rodriguez, W. C. III, & Bass, W. M. (1985). Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(3), 836–852 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 1985 [Accessed on: November 1, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS11017J

Karadeniz’in Sualtı Ortamında Ölüm Sonrası Bozunma Süreçlerinin bir Sıçan Modeli Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi: Mevsimsel, Biyolojik ve Mikrobiyal Dinamikler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 269 - 286, 28.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1748857

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Karadeniz ekosistemine özgü nekrofaj fauna çeşitliliği ile bu organizmaların postmortem çürüme süreçlerine etkisini mevsimsel açıdan değerlendirmektir. Türkiye’nin Karadeniz kıyısında, Sinop ili açıklarında gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmada, insan kadavralarını temsilen sıçan örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Bahar (Nisan-Mayıs 2024) ve kış (Aralık 2024–Ocak 2025) dönemlerini kapsayan çalışmada, denekler 13 metre derinlikteki deniz tabanına sabitlenerek 92 gün süresince günlük dalış gözlemleriyle takip edilmiştir. Süreç boyunca su sıcaklığı, pH, tuzluluk ve biyotik etkileşimler gibi çevresel değişkenler düzenli olarak kaydedilmiştir.
Yöntem: Çürüme süreci, hem makroskobik deformasyon hem de mikrobiyal düzeyde analiz edilmiştir. Deformasyonun mekânsal yayılımı, vücut bölgeleri bazında sınıflandırılarak ayrıntılı şekilde raporlanmıştır. Ayrıca, Shore A tipi durometre ile su altı koşullarında doku sertliği ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve zamansal değişim nicel verilerle izlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Nekrofaj topluluklara ilişkin analizlerde, Karadeniz’e özgü leş yiyici türlerin dağılımı detaylı biçimde sıralanmış; kış döneminde tür zenginliği ve biyolojik etkileşimlerin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Metagenomik dizileme verileri, özellikle anaerobik ortamlarda etkili olan Sulfurovum gibi sülfat indirgen bakterilerin baskın olduğunu, Arkea domainine ait Aenigmarchaeota şubesinin ise düşük çeşitlilik gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Sonuçlar, sualtı adli vakalarda biyolojik ve çevresel göstergelerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu’nun 26.04.2024 tarihli ve E-68489742-604.01-2400079539 sayılı kararıyla etik kurul onayı alarak yürütülmüştür. “Seçen Cesetlerinin Deniz Suyu Altındaki Deformasyon Sürecinin İncelenmesi” başlıklı araştırma, 2024-08 numaralı proje kapsamında, Hayvan Hakları ve Deney Etik İlkelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada etik ihlal, intihal, sahtecilik, çarpıtma, dilimleme gibi bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiğine aykırı herhangi bir durum bulunmamaktadır. Tüm yazarlar çalışmaya aktif katkı sağlamış, etik kurallara ve akademik yayın ilkelerine tam olarak riayet edilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü

Teşekkür

BM Yazilim Danis. ve Lab. Sis. Ltd. Şti (Ticaret Sicil No: 195281)

Kaynakça

  • 1. Caruso, J. L. (2016). Decomposition changes in bodies recovered from water. Academic Forensic Pathology, 6(1), 19–27 [internet]. Academic Forensic Pathology; 2016 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.23907/2016.003
  • 2. Murray JW, Yakushev EV. The suboxic transition zone in the Black Sea. In: Neretin LN, editor. Past and present water column anoxia. Vol. 64. Dordrecht: Springer; 2006. p. 105–138 [internet]. Springer Nature; 1999 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4568-8_6
  • 3. Jessen GL, Lichtschlag A, Ramette A, Pantoja S, Rossel PE, Schubert CJ, Struck U, Boetiuset A. Hypoxia causes preservation of labile organic matter and changes seafloor microbial community composition (Black Sea). Sci Adv. 2017;3(2):e1601897 [internet]. Science Advances; 2017 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601897
  • 4. De Donno, A., Campobasso, C. P., Santoro, V., Leonardi, S., Tafuri, S., & Introna, F. (2015). Bodies in sequestered and non-sequestered aquatic environments: A comparative taphonomic study using decompositional scoring system. Science & Justice, 55(1), 64-70. [internet]. Science & Justice; 2014 [Accessed on: August 1,2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2014.10.003
  • 5. Dalal, J., Sharma, S., Bhardwaj, T., & Dhattarwal, S.k. (2023).Assessment of post-mortem submersion interval using total aquatic decomposition scores of drowed human cadavers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 68(2), 549-557. [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2023 [Accessed on: August 1, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.15220
  • 6. Soysal Z, Çakalır C. Forensic Medicine. Vol. 1. [in Turkish]. Istanbul: Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Publications; 1999.p.472-3
  • 7. Simmons T, Cross PA, Adlam RE, Moffatt C. The influence of insects on decomposition rate in different environments. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(3):882–888 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2010 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01402.x
  • 8. De Pelsmaeker N, Ferry N, Stiegler J, Selva N, von Hoermann C, Müller J, Heurich M. Seasonal variability of scavenger visitations is independent of carrion predictability. Basic Appl Ecol. 2024;79:57–64 [internet]. Basic and Applied Ecology; 2024 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2024.05.005
  • 9. De Teske A., Sørensen KB. Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: Have we caught them all? ISME J. 2008;2(1):3–18 [internet]. Isme Journal; 2008 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.90
  • 10. Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Nature. 2013;499(7459):431–437 [internet]. Nature; 2013 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12352
  • 11. Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, Alexander H, Alm EJ, Arumugam M, Asnicar F, Bai Y, Bisanz JE, Bittinger K, Brejnrod A, Brislawn CJ, Brown CT, Callahan BJ, Caraballo- Rodríguez AM, Chase J, Cope EK, Da Silva R, Diener C, Dorrestein PC, Douglas GM, Durall DM, Duvallet C, Edwardson CF, Ernst M, Estaki M, Fouquier J, Gauglitz JM, Gibbons SM, Gibson DL, Gonzalez A, Gorlick K, Guo J, Hillmann B, Holmes S, Holste H, Huttenhower C, Huttley GA, Janssen S, Jarmusch AK, Jiang L, Kaehler BD, Kang KB, Keefe CR, Keim P, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koester I, Kosciolek T, ...(2019). Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nature Biotechnology, 37, 852-857. [internet]. Nature Biotechnology; 2019 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9
  • 12. Han Y, Perner M. The globally widespread genus Sulfurimonas: Versatile energy metabolisms and adaptations to redox clines. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:989 [internet]. Frontiers in Microbiology; 2015 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00989
  • 13. Inagaki F, Takai K, Kobayashi H, Nealson KH, Horikoshi K. Sulfurimonas autotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing ε-proteobacterium isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2003;53(6):1801–1805[internet]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology; 2003 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02682-0
  • 14. Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkornet KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield KF. Genomic expansion of domain Archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling. Curr Biol. 2015;25(6):690–701 [internet]. Current Biology; 2015 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014
  • 15. Garritano AN, Majzoub ME, Ribeiro B, Damasceno T, Modolon F, Messias C, Vilela C, Duarte G, Hill L, Peixoto R, Thomas T. Speciesspecific relationships between deep sea sponges and their symbiotic Nitrosopumilaceae. ISME J. 2023;17(6):1517– 1519 [internet]. Isme Journal; 2023 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01439-4
  • 16. Pernthaler A, Dekas AE, Brown CT, Orphan VJ. Diverse syntrophic Adli Tıp Dergisi 286 Sualtı Ortamında Postmortem Çürüme Dinamikleri partnerships from deep-sea methane vents revealed by direct cell capture and metagenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(19):7052–7057 [internet]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 2008 [Accessed on: July 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711303105
  • 17. Madea, B., & Doberentz, E. (2010). Commentary on: Heaton, V., Lagden, A., Moffatt, C., & Simmons, T. Predicting the postmortem submersion interval for human remains recovered from U.K. waterways. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(2), 302–307 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 2010 [Accessed on: October 31, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01517.x
  • 18. Pechal, J. L., Crippen, T. L., Tarone, A. M., Lewis, A. J., Tomberlin, J. K., & Benbow, M. E. (2013). Microbial community functional change during vertebrate carrion decomposition. PLOS ONE, 8(11), e79035 [internet]. PLOS ONE; 2013 [Accessed on: October 31, 2025]. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079035
  • 19. Rodriguez, W. C. III, & Bass, W. M. (1985). Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(3), 836–852 [internet]. Journal of Forensic Sciences; 1985 [Accessed on: November 1, 2025]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS11017J
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Adli Tıp
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kürşat Mendi 0009-0008-5375-3520

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Mendi K. Evaluation of Postmortem Decay Processes in the Underwater Environment of the Black Sea Using A Rat Model: Seasonal, Biological and Microbial Dynamics. ATD. 2025;39(3):269-86.

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