Çilekte Kök ve Taç Çürüklüğü Hastalığı (Phytophthora cactorum)’na Karşı Kök Bakterileri ile Biyolojik Mücadele

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 63 - 71, 30.06.2019

Ümit Özyılmaz Kemal Benlioğlu

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.520935

Öz

Phytophthora kök ve taç çürüklüğü (Phytophthora cactorum) çilek üretimini
sınırlayan hastalıklardan bir tanesidir. Bu çalışma hastalık ile mücadelede
antagonist bakterilerin kullanılmasını hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla; çilek,
karnabahar, kırmızı lahana, brokoli, lahana, turp, bakla ile yabancı otlardan
yabani turp, darıcan ve çoban çantası bitkilerinin kök bölgesinden toplam 362
adet bakteri izole edilmiştir. Yapılan ikili kültür ve bazı ön eleme testleri
ile çalışılan bakteri sayısı 101’e daha sonra da 24 düşürülmüştür. Bu
antagonistlerin sahip oldukları etki mekanizmalarını belirlenmeye yönelik
testlerde; hiç bir izolatın kitinaz, selülaz ve pektinaz aktivitesine sahip
olmadığı, 13 izolatın proteaz, 3 izolatın fosfataz aktivitesine sahip olduğu,
20 izolatın inorganik fosfatı çözebildiği saptanmıştır. 19 izolatın HCN, 18
izolatın siderofor, 11 izolatın yüzey aktif madde ve 16 izolatın da 2-4,DAPG
ürettiği bulunmuştur. Antagonistlerin IAA üretim kabiliyetlerine bakıldığında
62.4 ve 1.9 µg/ml olarak iki izolatın IAA ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Tüm
bakteriler Pseudomonas spp. olarak tanılanmıştır.
Saksı denemelerinde 3ss9 ve 6l10 izolatlarının P. cactorum’a karşı %50 oranında bir engelleme gösterdiği
bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phytophthora, antagonist, kök bakterileri, Pseudomonas

Biological Control of Root and Crown Rot Disease of Strawberry (Phytophthora cactorum) with Rhizobacteria

Öz

Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot (Phytophthora cactorum) is one of the
diseases of strawberry that limit production. This study aims to use
antagonistic bacteria against the disease. For this purpose, a total of 362
bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of strawberry, cauliflower, red
cabbage, broccoli, cabbage, radish, wild radish, broad bean, barnyard grass,
and shepherd’s purse plants. The number of bacteria studied was reduced to 101
and then to 24 according to dual culture and pre-tests. In tests to determine
the mode of actions of these antagonists; out of 24 bacteria, none of the
isolates produced chitinase, cellulase, and pectinase, while 13 produced
protease, 19 produced HCN, 18 produced siderophore, 11 produced biosurfactant,
16 produced 2-4 DAPG, 2 produced IAA (62.4 ve 1.9 µg/ml). Three antagonists had
a phosphatase activity. Twenty had able to solubilize inorganic phosphorus. All
bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas spp.
3ss9 and 6l10 reduced the disease severity by %50 in pots trials. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phytophthora, antagonist, rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas

Kaynakça

• Andro T, Chambost JP, Kotoujansky A, Cattano J, Bertheau Y, Barras F, Van Gijsegem F, Coleno A (1984) Mutants of Erwinia chrysantemi Defective in Secretion of Pectinase and Cellulase. J. Bacterial. 160:119-1203.
• Bakker AW, Schippers B (1987) Microbial Cyanide Production in the Rhizosphere in Relation to Potato Yield Reduction and Pseudomonas spp-mediated Plant Growth-stimulation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19(4): 451-457.
• Benlioğlu S, Yıldız A, Döken T (2004) Studies to Determine the Causal Agents of Soilborne Fungal Diseases of Strawberries in Aydin and to Control them by Soil Disinfestation. J. Phytopathology 152(18): 509-513
• Benlioğlu S, Boz Ö, Yıldız A, Kaşkavalcı G, Benlioğlu K (2005) Alternative Soil Solarization Treatments For the Control of Soil-borne Diseases and Weed of Strawberry in the Western Anatolia of Turkey. J. Phytopathology 153: 423-430.
• Benlioğlu S, Dinler H, Yildiz A, Özyilmaz Ü, Benlioğlu K (2018) Türkiye’de Çilek Fidelerinde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 15(1): 121-126.
• Beraha L (1968) A Rapid Method for the Preparation of A Semi-Solid Agar Medium for Detection of Pectolytic Enzyme Activity in Erwinia Carotovora. Plant Disease Reporter 52(2) February 1968.
• Berg G (1996) Rhizobacteria of Oilseed Rape Antagonistic to Verticillium dahliae ver. longisporum STRAK. Zeitschrift für Planzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 103(1): 20-30.
• Berg G, Kurze S, Buchner A, Wellington EM, Smalla K (2000a) Successful Strategy for the Selection of New Strawberry-associated Rhizobacteria Antagonistic to Verticillium Wilt. Canadian-Journal-of-Microbiology. 46(12): 1128-1137.
• Berg G, Frankowski J, Bahl H (2000b) Interactions Between Serratia plymuthica and the Soil Borne Pathogen Verticillium longisporum. In: Tjamos EC, Rowe C, Heale JB, Fravel DR (eds.), Advances in Verticillium Research and Disease Management. St Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press, 269-273.
• Berg G, Fritze A, Roskot N, Smalla K (2001) Evaluation of Potential Biocontrol Rhizobacteria from Different Host Plants of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91(6):963-971.
• Bora T, Özaktan H (1998) Bitki Hastalıklarıyla Biyolojik Savaş. Prizma Matbaası, İzmir, 205 s.
• Browne G, Becherer H, Mclaughlin S, Fennimore S, Duniway J, Martin F, Ajwa H, Winterbottom C, Guerrero L (2003) Integrated Management of Phytophthora on Strawberry without Methyl Bromide. Proceedings of Methyl Bromide Alternatives Conference.
• Cox CD (1994) Deferration of Laboratory Media and Assays for Ferric and Ferrous Ions. Methods Enzymol. 235: 315-372.
• De La Fuente L, Bajsa N, Bagnasco P, Quagliotto L, Thomashow L, Arias A (2000) Antibiotic Production by Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolated from Forage Legume Rhizosphere. Proceedings of the 5th International PGPR Workshop, Córdoba, Argentina.
• De los Santos B, Barrau C, Romero F (2003) Strawberry Fungal Disease. Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol. 1 (3&4): 129-132.
• De Freitas JR, Banerjee MR, Germida JJ (1997) Phosphate-solubilizing Rhizobacteria Enhance the Growth and Yield But Not Phosphorus Uptake of Canola (Brassica napus L.). Biol Fertil Soils 24:358-364.
• Dworkin M., Foster J (1958) Experiment with Some Microorganisms which Utilize Ethane and Hydrogen. J. Bacteriol 75: 592-601.
• Eikemo H, Stensvand A, Tronsmo AM (2000) Evaluation of Methods of Screening Strawberry Cultivars for Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum. Ann. Appl. Biol. 137: 237-244.
• Eikemo H, Stensvand A, Tronsmo AM (2003) Induced Resistance as a Possible Means to Control Diseases of Strawberry Caused by Phytophthora spp. Plant Dis. 87: 345-350.
• Fravel DR (1988) Role of Antibiosis in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 26: 75–91.
• Gamliel A, Katan J (1993) Suppression of Major and Minor Pathogens by Fluorescent Pseudomonads in Solarized and Nonsolarized Soils. Phytopathology 83: 68-75.
• Golzar H, Phillips D, Mack S (2007) Occurrence of Strawberry Root and Crown Rot in Western Australia. Australian Plant Disease Notes 2:145–147.
• Gordon SA, Weber RP (1951) Colorimetric Estimation of Indoleacetic Acid. Plant Physiology 26: 192-195.
• Gulati MK, Koch E, Zeller W, Sisler HD (1999) Isolation and Identification of Antifungal Metabolites Produced by Fluorescent Pseudomonas, Antagonist of Red Core Disease of Strawberry. Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds II. 12th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium, Friedrichroda, Thuringia, Germany, pp 437-444.
• Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ninth edition. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
• Irzykowska L, Irzykowski W, Jarosz A, Golebniak B (2005) Association of Phytophthora citricola with Leather Rot Disease of Strawberry. J. Phytopathology 153: 680-685.
• Jeffries CD, Holtmann DF, Guse DG (1957) Rapid Method for Determining the Activity of Microorganisms on Nucleic Acid. J. Bact., 73: 590-591.
• Karman M (1971) Bitki Koruma Araştırmalarında Genel Bilgiler, Denemelerin Kuruluşu ve Değerlendirlme Esasları. T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 279s.
• King EO, Ward MK, Raney DE (1954) Two Simple Media for the Demostration of Pyocyanin and Fluorescein. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44: 301-307.
• Klement Z (1963) Rapid Detection of the Pathogenisty of Phytopathogenic Pseudomonas. Nature, 199: 299-300p.
• Klement Z, Rudolph K, Sands DC (1990) Methods in Phytobacteriology. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 568p.
• Koch E, Kempf HJ, Hessenmüller A (1998) Characterization of the Biocontrol Activity and Evaluation of Potential Plant Growth-promoting Properties of Selected Rhizobacteria. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection, 105(6): 567-580.
• Krechel A, Faupel A, Hallmann J, Ulrich A, Berg G (2002) Potato-associated Bacteria and their Antagonistic Potantial towards Plant-pathogenic Fungiand the Plant-parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. Can. J. Microbiol. 48: 772-786.
• Kurze S, Bahl H, Dahl R, Berg G (2001) Biological Control of Fungal Strawberry Disease by Serratia plymuthica HRA-C48. Plant Dis. 85: 529-534.
• Maas JL (1998) Compendium of Strawberry Diseases, Second edition. APS press Minnesota USA, 98p.
• Martin FN (2000) Rhizoctonia spp. Recovered from Strawberry Roots in Central Coastal California. Phytopathology 90: 345-353.
• Martin FN, Bull CT (2002) Biological Approaches for Control of Root Pathogens on Strawberry. Phytopathology 92: 1356-1362.
• McSpadden Gardener BB, Mavrodi DV, Thomashow LS, Weller DM (2001) A Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay Characterizing Rhizosphere Population of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-producing Bacteria. Phytopathology 91: 44-54.
• Midi (2006) Identification of Bacteria by Gas Chromatography of Cellular Fatty Acids. Microbial Identification System, Technical operating manual. MIDI, Inc., 115 Barksdale Prof. Center, Newark, Delaware.
• Patten CL, Glick BR (2002) Role of Pseudomonas putida Indole acetic Acid in Development of the Host Plant Root System. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 3795-3801.
• Schwyn B, Neilands JB (1987) Universal Chemical Assay for the Detection and Determination of Siderophores. Analytical Biochemistry 160: 47-56.
• Siegmund I, Wagner F (1991) New Method for Detecting Rhamnolipid Excreted by Pseudomonas Species During Growth on Mineral Agar. Biotechnol. Tech. 5 (4): 265-268.
• Smalla K, Wieland G, Buchner A, Zock A, Parzy J, Roskot N, Heuer H, Berg G (2001) Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Communities Studied by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Plant Dependent Enrichment and Seasonal Shifts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 4742-4751.
• Sorensen J (1997) The Rhizosphere as a Habitat for Soil Microorganisms. In: Van Elsas JD, Trevors JT, Wellington EMH (eds.), Modern Soil Microbiology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 21-45.
• Vestberg M, Kukkonen S, Saari K, Parikka P, Huttunen J, Tainio L, Devos N, Weekers F, Kevers C, Thonart P, Lemoine MC, Cordiwe C, Alabouvette C, Gianinazzi S (2004) Microbial Inoculation for Improving the Growth and Health of Micropropagated Strawberry. Applied Soil Ecology 27: 243-258.