TESİS YÖNETİMİNDE DIŞ KAYNAK KULLANIMININ EĞİLİMLERİ VE STRATEJİK ETKİLERİ

Öz

Dış kaynak kullanımı, farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren kurumların operasyonel verimlilik sağlama, maliyetleri düşürme ve uzmanlık gerektiren alanlarda yüksek kaliteli hizmetlere erişme amacıyla başvurdukları stratejik bir yönetim yaklaşımıdır. Tesis yönetimi alanında ise; güvenlik, temizlik, teknik bakım ve idari süreçler gibi çok çeşitli hizmet alanlarında yaygın olarak uygulanmaktadır. Araştırma, Türkiye’de tesis yönetiminde dış kaynak kullanımına yönelik güncel eğilimleri, tercih edilen hizmet alanlarını ve bu uygulamaların avantaj–dezavantajlarını ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Saha verileri, literatür bulguları ile birlikte analiz edilerek hem teorik hem de uygulamalı düzeyde bütüncül bir bakış açısı sunulmaktadır. Bu amaçla karma yöntem yaklaşımı kullanılmış; ilk aşamada dış kaynak kullanımının kavramsal çerçevesi, tarihsel gelişimi ve uygulama alanlarına ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise farklı tesislerde görev yapan 63 yöneticiye çevrimiçi anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular tesis yönetiminde dış kaynak kullanımının hem operasyonel verimlilik hem de stratejik esneklik sağlama potansiyeline sahip olduğunu, ancak hizmet sağlayıcıya bağımlılık ve kalite dalgalanmaları gibi risklerin de göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dış kaynak kullanımı
• tesis yönetimi
• stratejik yönetim

TRENDS AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF OUTSOURCING IN FACILITY MANAGEMENT

Öz

Outsourcing is a strategic management approach employed by organisations across various sectors to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and gain access to high-quality services in areas requiring specialised expertise. In the field of facility management, it is widely applied to a diverse range of services, including security, cleaning, technical maintenance, and administrative processes. This research was conducted to identify current trends, preferred service areas, and the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing in facility management in Türkiye. By analysing field data alongside findings from the literature, the research offers a comprehensive perspective at both theoretical and practical levels. Adopting a mixed-method approach, the first stage involved an extensive literature review to establish the conceptual framework, historical development, and areas of application of outsourcing. In the second stage, an online survey was conducted with 63 managers working in different facilities. The findings indicate that outsourcing in facility management has the potential to deliver both operational efficiency and strategic flexibility; however, risks such as dependence on service providers and fluctuations in service quality should not be overlooked.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Outsourcing
• facility management
• strategic management
• operational efficiency

Kaynakça

1. Amaratunga, D., Baldry, D., & Sarshar, M. (2000). Assessment of facilities management performance–what next?. Facilities, 18(1/2), 66-75.
2. Amos, D., & Gadzekpo, A. (2016). Cost of in-house vs outsourced facilities management services in public polytechnics in Ghana. Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies, 2(2), 414-435.
3. Amos, D., Musa, Z. N., & Au-Yong, C. P. (2020). Modelling the performance of waste management services in Ghana’s public hospitals: a facilities management perspective. Facilities, 38(9/10), 715-738.
4. Anderson, S. P., Loertscher, S., & Schneider, Y. (2010). The ABC of complementary products mergers. Economics Letters, 106(3), 212-215.
5. Arias-Aranda, D., Bustinza, O. F., & Barrales-Molina, V. (2011). Operations flexibility and outsourcing benefits: an empirical study in service firms. The service industries journal, 31(11), 1849-1870.
6. Atkin, B., & Brooks, A. (2021). Total facility management (5th ed.). Routledge.
7. Bayyapu, S. (2022). Optimising IT sourcing in healthcare: Balancing control, cost, and innovation. International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA), 3(1).
8. Bozdemir, E., & Öcel, Y. (2016). Hastanelerde Dış Kaynak Kullanımının Maliyet Minimizasyonu Açısından Analizi: Bolu İzzet Baysal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Manyetik Rezonans (MR) Cihazı Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3).

9. CBRE. (2025). Integrated Facilities Management. https://www.cbre.com/services/manage-properties-and-portfolios/facilities-management
10. Chatsuwan, M., Ichinose, M., & Alkhalaf, H. (2025). Enhancing Facility Management with a BIM and IoT Integration Tool and Framework in an Open Standard Environment. Buildings, 15(11), 1928.
11. Cigolini, R. (2003). Decision-making models for outsourcing in facilities management. In A. Best (Ed.), Facilities management and corporate real estate management as value drivers (pp. 71–85). Springer.
12. Coase, R. H. (1937). Some notes on monopoly price. The Review of Economic Studies, 5(1), 17-31.
13. Elhoushy, S., Salem, I. E., & Agag, G. (2020). The impact of perceived benefits and risks on current and desired levels of outsourcing: Hotel managers’ perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102419.
14. Espino-Rodríguez, T. F., Lai, P. C., & Baum, T. (2012). Risks and benefits of outsourcing hotel operations: A comparison between Scotland and Taiwan. Tourism Economics, 18(1), 95-120.
15. Frost & Sullivan. (2024a). Growth Opportunities in the Facility Management Market, Europe, 2024- 2030. https://store.frost.com/growth-opportunities-in-the-facility-management-market-europe-2024-2030.html
16. Frost & Sullivan. (2024b). Top 10 Growth Opportunities in Facility Management, 2024. https://store.frost.com/top-10-growth-opportunities-in-facility-management-2024.html.
17. Gerken, T. (2024). Klarna: AI lets us cut thousands of jobs - but pay more. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80e1gp9m9zo.
18. George, R. P., & Hartman, S. (2024). Facilities management outsourcing in a post-COVID world. Mayer Brown LLP. https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2024/12/facilities-management-outsourcing-in-a-post-covid-world.
19. Grand View Research. (2024). Facility management services market size & forecast to 2033.https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/facility-management-services-market-report#:~:text=The%20global%20facility%20management%20services,3.3%25%20from%202025%20to%202033.
20. Gnuschke, J. E., Wallace, J., Wilson, D. R., & Smith, S. C. (2004). Outsourcing production and jobs: costs and benefits. Business Perspectives, 16(2), 12.
21. Harland, C., Knight, L., Lamming, R., & Walker, H. (2005). Outsourcing: assessing the risks and benefits for organisations, sectors and nations. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(9), 831-850.
22. International Facility Management Association -IFMA (2023). What is Facility Management?. https://www.ifma.org/about/what-is-fm/
23. Ikediashi, D. I., Ogunlana, S. O., Boateng, P., & Okwuashi, O. (2012). Analysis of risks associated with facilities management outsourcing: a multivariate approach. Journal of Facilities Management, 10(4), 301-316.
24. Ishwarbharath, S. & Suresh, H. (2025). India tech giant TCS layoffs herald AI shakeup of $283 billion outsourcing sector. https://www.reuters.com/business/world-at-work/india-tech-giant-tcs-layoffs-herald-ai-shakeup-283-billion-outsourcing-sector-2025-08-08/.
25. ISO. (2018). ISO 41001: Facility management — Management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. International Organisation for Standardisation. https://www.iso.org/standard/68021.html
26. ISS. (2024). Annual report 2024. https://www.issworld.com/en/news/2025/02/20/annual-report-2024. Jacobs, S. (2025). Intel to outsource marketing to Accenture and AI, cutting in-house staff. https://www.techspot.com/news/108402-intel-outsource-marketing-accenture-ai-cutting-house-staff.html. Jensen, P. A., Van Der Voordt, T., & Coenen, C. (2012). The added value of facilities management: concepts, findings and perspectives. Polyteknisk Boghandel og Forlag.
27. Jiang, B., & Qureshi, A. (2006). Research on outsourcing results: current literature and future opportunities. Management Decision, 44(1), 44-55.
28. Keskin, E., Tanrıvermiş, H., & Temeljotov Salaj, A. (2023). Development trends and current status of facility management and professionalisation of facility services in Turkey. Facilities, 41(7/8), 510-525.
29. Keskin, E., & Tanrıvermiş, H. (2025). Kentsel dönüşüm projeleri uygulama alanlarında tesis yönetimi gereksinimi: Ankara örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 53-82.
30. Kharpal, A. (2023). Vodafone shares drop 7% after record 11,000 jobs cut as CEO says telco ‘must change’. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/16/vodafone-shares-drop-4percent-after-cutting-a-record-11000-jobs.html.
31. Kurdi, M. K., Yusof, N., & Ismail, N. (2011). Outsourcing in facilities management: A literature review. Procedia Engineering, 20, 445–457.
32. Lee, J. Y., Irisboev, I. O., & Ryu, Y. S. (2021). Literature review on digitalisation in facilities management and facilities management performance measurement: Contribution of Industry 4.0 in the global era. Sustainability, 13(23), 13432.
33. Letica, M. (2016). The effect of outsourcing activities selection on the benefits of outsourcing. Management-Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 21(2), 77-97.
34. Lin, C., Pervan, G., & McDermid, D. (2007). Issues and recommendations in evaluating and managing the benefits of public sector IS/IT outsourcing. Information Technology & People, 20(2), 161-183.
35. Lok, K. L., van der Pool, I., Smith, A. J., Opoku, A., & Cheung, K. L. (2023). Sustainable digitalisation and implementation of ISO standards for facilities management. Facilities, 41(5/6), 434-453.
36. Mani, V., & Phadnis, S. (2025). Tcs Layoffs Rattle IT Sector: Infosys Rules Out Job Cuts; Focuses on Freshers and AI Reskilling. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-layoffs-rattle-it-sector-infosys-rules-out-job-cuts-focuses-on-freshers-and-ai-reskilling/articleshow/122982813.cms.
37. Mordor Intelligence. (2025). Facility Management Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends & Forecasts (2025-2030). https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/facility-management-market.
38. Morris, I. (2024). Vodafone says headcount grew in 2023 despite plan to cut 11,000 jobs. https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/vodafone-says-headcount-grew-in-2023-despite-plan-to-cut-11000-jobs.
39. Popesko, B. (2010). Activity-based costing application methodology for manufacturing industries. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 13(1), 103–114.
40. Potkany, M. (2008). Personnel outsourcing processes. Ekonomie a Management, 11(4), 53–62.
41. Ritchie, H. (2023). Qantas illegally fired 1,700 workers during pandemic - top court. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66793496.
42. Robson, Q., & Costa, B. K. (2025). Critical Success Factors for the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Facilities Management: Second-Order Systematic Review. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation. The Journal of Innovation for Social and Sustainable Progress., 20(2), 103-119.
43. Scamardo, P. (2025). Dell cuts global workforce by 12K employees in latest shakeup.https://www.mysanantonio.com/business/article/dell-job-cuts-20241658.php.
44. Shilov, A. (2025). Intel to outsource marketing to Accenture and AI, resulting in more layoffs. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/intel-outsource-marketing-accenture-ai-114958463.html.
45. Sodexo. (2025). Facility management services. https://www.sodexo.com/brands-services/facilities-management-services.
46. Spring, M., Faulconbridge, J., & Sarwar, A. (2022). How information technology automates and augments processes: Insights from Artificial‐Intelligence‐based systems in professional service operations. Journal of Operations Management, 68(6-7), 592-618.
47. TechSci Research. (2024). Market Overview. https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/turkey-facility-management-market/7912.html.
48. University Business. (2025). Outsourcing facilities management: Pros and cons. University Business.https://universitybusiness.co.uk/outsourcing-facilities-management-pros-cons/ Vetráková, M., Potkány, M., & Hitka, M. (2013). Outsourcing of Facility Management. Ekonomika a Management, 80-92.
49. Visontay, E. (2024). Almost 1,700 illegally sacked Qantas workers would have been retrenched following year, court hears.https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/mar/20/qantas-transport-workers-union-compensation-case-illegal-sackings-court-case.
50. Williamson, O. E. (1981). The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), 548–577.
51. Yalçın, İ., Akın, M., & Şeker, M. (2011). Kamu hastanelerinde dış kaynak kullanımı: Kayseri Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2011(1), 83-92.
52. Yiğit, V., Tengilimoglu, D., Kisa, A., & Younis, M. Z. (2007). Outsourcing and its implications for hospital organizations in Turkey. Journal of Health Care Finance, 33(4), 86-92.
53. Yıldız, S., & Demirel, Z. H. (2014). The benefits, risks and effects on performance of the outsourcing: A comparative study of seasonal and permanent hotels. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 514-521.