Araştırma Makalesi
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Investigating Digital Addiction Level of Pre-Service Teachers

Yıl 2022, , 1031 - 1046, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1108384

Öz

Studies investigating the adverse effects of digital addiction on individuals have increased significantly in recent years. However, there are limited number of studies in the literature concerning pre-service teachers, who play a significant role in raising the future generation. In this study, pre-service teachers' digital addiction level was examined in terms of some relevant variables. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey model. The convenience sampling method was preferred in determining the participants. 308 pre-service teachers studying in various departments of universities constituted the participants of the study. In the study, "Personal Information Form" and "Digital Addiction Scale" were used as data collection instruments. For data analysis, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis H, and Post HOC (LSD) tests were used. It was concluded in the study that the digital addiction level of pre-service teachers obtained no statistically significant difference with respect to gender, age, academic level, and internet skills, while a statistically significant difference was found with respect to departments, duration of daily internet use, and duration of access to social networks.

Kaynakça

  • Aboujaoude, E., & Gega, L. (2020). From Digital Mental Health Interventions to Digital “Addiction”: Where the Two Fields Converge. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(1), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01017
  • Alexander, B. K., & Schweighofer, A. R. F. (1988). Defining "addiction". Canadian Psychology, 29(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084530
  • Almourad, B. M., McAlaney, J., Skinner, T., Pleva, M., & Ali, R. (2020). Defining digital addiction: Key features from the literature. Psihologija, 53(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI191029017A
  • Awofala, A., Olabiyi, O., Okunuga, R., Ojo, O., Awofala, A., & Lawani, A. (2020). Investigating Digital Distraction among Pre-service Science, Technology, and Mathematics Teachers in Nigeria. Digital Education Review, (37), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2020.37.32-48
  • Berthon, P., Pitt, L., & Campbell, C. (2019). Addictive de-vices: A public policy analysis of sources and solutions to digital addiction. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 38(4), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915619859852
  • Bisen, S. S., & Deshpande, Y. (2018). The Impact of the Internet in Twenty-First Century Addictions: An Overview. In B. Bozoglan (Ed.), Psychological, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Internet Addiction (pp. 1-19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3477-8.ch001
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2010). Sosyal bilimler icin veri analizi el kitabi [Data analysis handbook for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cham, S., Algashami, A., Aldhayan, M., McAlaney, J., Phalp, K., Almourad, M. B., & Ali, R. (2019). Digital addiction: negative life experiences and potential for technology-assisted solutions. In: Rocha Á., Adeli H., Reis L., Costanzo S. (eds) New Knowledge in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST'19 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Volume 931. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16184-2_87
  • Choliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x
  • Chou, C., Condron, L., & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1
  • Duke É., Montag C. (2017) Smartphone addiction and beyond: initial insights on an emerging research topic and its relationship to internet addiction. In: Montag C., Reuter M. (eds) Internet Addiction (359-372). Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46276-9_21
  • Eppright, T., Allwood, M., Stern, B., & Theiss, T. (1999). Internet addiction: a new type of addiction? Missouri Medicine, 96(4), 133–136.
  • Eryılmaz, S., & Çukurluöz, Ö. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinin dijital bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi: Ankara ili, Çankaya ilçesi örneği. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(67), 889–912. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.311314
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education (Vol. 7). McGraw-hill New York.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Griffiths, M. (2000). Internet addiction-time to be taken seriously? Addiction Research, 8(5), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350009005587
  • Hazar, Z., & Hazar, M. (2017). Digital game addiction scale for children. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4387
  • Kanbay, Y., Fırat, M., Akçam, A., Çınar, S., & Özbay, Ö. (2021). Development of Fırat Netlessphobia scale and investigation of its psychometric properties. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Early Access Article. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12924
  • Kanbay, Y., Akçam, A., Özbay, S. Ç., Özbay, Ö., & Fırat, M. (2022). Developing Fırat Nomophobia Scale and investigating its psychometric properties. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Early Access Article. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13090
  • Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college students. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.11
  • Kesici, A. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde dışadönüklük, sosyal ağları kullanma sıklığı ve cinsiyetin problemli sosyal ağ kullanımına etkisinin incelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0013
  • Kesici, A., & Tunç, N. F. (2018). The development of the digital addiction scale for the university students: reliability and validity study. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060108
  • Kırnık, D., Susam, E., & Özbek, R. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının internet bağımlılık düzeyi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 976–986. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.610723
  • Kuss, D. J., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143
  • Kvintová, J., Cakirpaloglu, S. D., & Hájková, R. (2020). Relationship between internet addiction, life satisfaction and anxiety in pre-service teachers of generation Z. 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 6th-7th July, 5843–5849. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.1523
  • Lam, L. T., Peng, Z., Mai, J., & Jing, J. (2009). The association between internet addiction and self-injurious behaviour among adolescents. Injury Prevention, 15(6), 403–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2009.021949
  • Lee, R. S. C., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I. (2019). A systematic meta-review of impulsivity and compulsivity in addictive behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09402-x
  • Lee, S. J., & Chae, Y. G. (2007). Children’s internet use in a family context: influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975
  • Miniakhmetova, I. I., Peterson, E. Y., Chikova, O. A., & Maximova, L. A. (2020). Does digital learning affect students’ digital addiction? AIP Conference Proceedings, 2313(1), 90002. AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032276
  • Montag, C., & Walla, P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1157281. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
  • Özbay, Ö., Doğan, U., Yıldız, E. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2021). Öğretmen adaylarının dijital etik düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. TRT Akademi, 6(12), 494-513. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.913015
  • Park, S. K., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008). Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence, 43(172), 895-909. Peper, E., & Harvey, R. (2018). Digital addiction: increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.5.1.3
  • Rahayu, F. S., Nugroho, L. E., Ferdiana, R., & Setyohadi, D. B. (2020). Research trend on the use of it in digital addiction: an investigation using a systematic literature review. Future Internet, 12(10), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12100174
  • Roberts, J., Yaya, L., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.015
  • Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Ramos Navas-Parejo, M., Marín-Marín, J.-A., & Gómez-García, G. (2020). Use of instagram by pre-service teacher education: smartphone habits and dependency factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114097
  • Seemiller, C. (2017). Curbing digital distractions in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Technology, 8(3), 214–231.
  • Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer Addiction Pb: A Study of Computer Dependency. CRC Press.
  • Sırakaya, M., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2013). Öğretmen adaylarının problemli internet kullanımlarının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(28–1), 356–368.
  • Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W., & Kleen, B. A. (2003). Exploring internet addiction: demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy internet users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), 64–73.
  • Yen, J., Ko, C., Yen, C., Chen, S., Chung, W., & Chen, C. (2008). Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with internet addiction: comparison with substance use. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01770.x
  • Young, K. (2009). Understanding online gaming addiction and treatment issues for adolescents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(5), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180902942191
  • Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation and treatment. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17(17), 351–352.
  • Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 25–28.
  • Zhang, R., Bai, B., Jiang, S., Yang, S., & Zhou, Q. (2019). Parenting styles and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.019

Öğretmen Adaylarının Dijital Bağımlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, , 1031 - 1046, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1108384

Öz

Dijital bağımlılığın bireyler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini araştıran çalışmalar son yıllarda önemli bir artış göstermiştir. Ancak alanyazında, gelecek nesillerin yetiştirilmesinde önemli rol oynayacak olan öğretmen adaylarına ilişkin sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, öğretmen adaylarının dijital bağımlılık düzeyleri bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırma, kesitsel tarama modelinde desenlenmiştir. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde elverişli örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını farklı üniversitelerin çeşitli bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 308 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" ve "Dijital Bağımlılık Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis H ve Post HOC (LSD) testleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada öğretmen adaylarının dijital bağımlılık düzeylerinin; cinsiyet, yaş, sınıf ve internet kullanma becerilerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği, ancak öğrenim gördükleri bölüm, günlük internet kullanma süresi ve günlük sosyal ağları kullanma süresine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aboujaoude, E., & Gega, L. (2020). From Digital Mental Health Interventions to Digital “Addiction”: Where the Two Fields Converge. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(1), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01017
  • Alexander, B. K., & Schweighofer, A. R. F. (1988). Defining "addiction". Canadian Psychology, 29(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084530
  • Almourad, B. M., McAlaney, J., Skinner, T., Pleva, M., & Ali, R. (2020). Defining digital addiction: Key features from the literature. Psihologija, 53(3), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI191029017A
  • Awofala, A., Olabiyi, O., Okunuga, R., Ojo, O., Awofala, A., & Lawani, A. (2020). Investigating Digital Distraction among Pre-service Science, Technology, and Mathematics Teachers in Nigeria. Digital Education Review, (37), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2020.37.32-48
  • Berthon, P., Pitt, L., & Campbell, C. (2019). Addictive de-vices: A public policy analysis of sources and solutions to digital addiction. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 38(4), 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915619859852
  • Bisen, S. S., & Deshpande, Y. (2018). The Impact of the Internet in Twenty-First Century Addictions: An Overview. In B. Bozoglan (Ed.), Psychological, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Internet Addiction (pp. 1-19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3477-8.ch001
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2010). Sosyal bilimler icin veri analizi el kitabi [Data analysis handbook for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cham, S., Algashami, A., Aldhayan, M., McAlaney, J., Phalp, K., Almourad, M. B., & Ali, R. (2019). Digital addiction: negative life experiences and potential for technology-assisted solutions. In: Rocha Á., Adeli H., Reis L., Costanzo S. (eds) New Knowledge in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST'19 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Volume 931. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16184-2_87
  • Choliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: a point of issue. Addiction, 105(2), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02854.x
  • Chou, C., Condron, L., & Belland, J. C. (2005). A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational Psychology Review, 17(4), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1
  • Duke É., Montag C. (2017) Smartphone addiction and beyond: initial insights on an emerging research topic and its relationship to internet addiction. In: Montag C., Reuter M. (eds) Internet Addiction (359-372). Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46276-9_21
  • Eppright, T., Allwood, M., Stern, B., & Theiss, T. (1999). Internet addiction: a new type of addiction? Missouri Medicine, 96(4), 133–136.
  • Eryılmaz, S., & Çukurluöz, Ö. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinin dijital bağımlılıklarının incelenmesi: Ankara ili, Çankaya ilçesi örneği. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(67), 889–912. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.311314
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education (Vol. 7). McGraw-hill New York.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Griffiths, M. (2000). Internet addiction-time to be taken seriously? Addiction Research, 8(5), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350009005587
  • Hazar, Z., & Hazar, M. (2017). Digital game addiction scale for children. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4387
  • Kanbay, Y., Fırat, M., Akçam, A., Çınar, S., & Özbay, Ö. (2021). Development of Fırat Netlessphobia scale and investigation of its psychometric properties. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Early Access Article. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12924
  • Kanbay, Y., Akçam, A., Özbay, S. Ç., Özbay, Ö., & Fırat, M. (2022). Developing Fırat Nomophobia Scale and investigating its psychometric properties. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Early Access Article. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13090
  • Kandell, J. J. (1998). Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college students. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.11
  • Kesici, A. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde dışadönüklük, sosyal ağları kullanma sıklığı ve cinsiyetin problemli sosyal ağ kullanımına etkisinin incelenmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0013
  • Kesici, A., & Tunç, N. F. (2018). The development of the digital addiction scale for the university students: reliability and validity study. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060108
  • Kırnık, D., Susam, E., & Özbek, R. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının internet bağımlılık düzeyi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 976–986. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.610723
  • Kuss, D. J., & Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2016). Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143
  • Kvintová, J., Cakirpaloglu, S. D., & Hájková, R. (2020). Relationship between internet addiction, life satisfaction and anxiety in pre-service teachers of generation Z. 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 6th-7th July, 5843–5849. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.1523
  • Lam, L. T., Peng, Z., Mai, J., & Jing, J. (2009). The association between internet addiction and self-injurious behaviour among adolescents. Injury Prevention, 15(6), 403–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2009.021949
  • Lee, R. S. C., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I. (2019). A systematic meta-review of impulsivity and compulsivity in addictive behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09402-x
  • Lee, S. J., & Chae, Y. G. (2007). Children’s internet use in a family context: influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640–644. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975
  • Miniakhmetova, I. I., Peterson, E. Y., Chikova, O. A., & Maximova, L. A. (2020). Does digital learning affect students’ digital addiction? AIP Conference Proceedings, 2313(1), 90002. AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032276
  • Montag, C., & Walla, P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1157281. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
  • Özbay, Ö., Doğan, U., Yıldız, E. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2021). Öğretmen adaylarının dijital etik düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. TRT Akademi, 6(12), 494-513. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.913015
  • Park, S. K., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008). Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence, 43(172), 895-909. Peper, E., & Harvey, R. (2018). Digital addiction: increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.5.1.3
  • Rahayu, F. S., Nugroho, L. E., Ferdiana, R., & Setyohadi, D. B. (2020). Research trend on the use of it in digital addiction: an investigation using a systematic literature review. Future Internet, 12(10), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12100174
  • Roberts, J., Yaya, L., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.015
  • Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Ramos Navas-Parejo, M., Marín-Marín, J.-A., & Gómez-García, G. (2020). Use of instagram by pre-service teacher education: smartphone habits and dependency factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114097
  • Seemiller, C. (2017). Curbing digital distractions in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Technology, 8(3), 214–231.
  • Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer Addiction Pb: A Study of Computer Dependency. CRC Press.
  • Sırakaya, M., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2013). Öğretmen adaylarının problemli internet kullanımlarının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(28–1), 356–368.
  • Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W., & Kleen, B. A. (2003). Exploring internet addiction: demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy internet users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), 64–73.
  • Yen, J., Ko, C., Yen, C., Chen, S., Chung, W., & Chen, C. (2008). Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with internet addiction: comparison with substance use. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01770.x
  • Young, K. (2009). Understanding online gaming addiction and treatment issues for adolescents. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(5), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180902942191
  • Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: symptoms, evaluation and treatment. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17(17), 351–352.
  • Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 25–28.
  • Zhang, R., Bai, B., Jiang, S., Yang, S., & Zhou, Q. (2019). Parenting styles and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: conscientiousness as a mediator and teacher support as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.019
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rabia Sarıca 0000-0002-8725-3646

Özkan Özbay 0000-0001-7754-2594

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıca, R., & Özbay, Ö. (2022). Investigating Digital Addiction Level of Pre-Service Teachers. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(3), 1031-1046. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1108384