Aşırı Turizm, Nüfus Teorisi ve Turizme Katılım

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 993 - 1006, 29.11.2021

İlker Gül , Dilistan Shipman

https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.827987

Cited By: 1

Öz

Talep yüksekliğinin yarattığı yoğunluk önceden beri var olan bir sıkıntı olarak düşünülse de günümüzde net görülebilir, somut bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Genel olarak çözüm önerileri tanıtımı kesmek, kota koymak, turist sayılarında azaltmaya gitmek ve turistlerin daha az yoğun turizm duraklarına dağıtılması olarak öne çıkar. Ancak genel talep artışı devamı kaçınılmaz gözükmektedir. Bu, Malthus’un nüfus teorisine benzerlik gösterir. Daha çok besin daha çok nüfus getirir, daha çok nüfus daha çok besin gerektirir, ancak üretilebilecek besin miktarı bellidir ve bu sınır aşılamaz. Turizmde ise nüfus artışı ve diğer etmenler turizm talebini yükseltir. Yüksek talep ve aşırı turizm daha çok turizm durağını gerekli kılar. Durak memnuniyeti ve artan nüfus, talebi daha fazla besler ve yeni arz, turizm durakları, gerektirir. Ancak bu arzın sonsuza kadar sağlanması ya mümkünsüzdür ya da nihayetinde Dünya’daki her bir lokasyonun bir turizm durağına çevrilmesiyle mümkündür. Ancak ikinci seçenek hem sosyal hem de ekolojik dengeler için uygulamada sorunludur

Anahtar Kelimeler

aşırı turizm, Malthus’un sınırı, sürdürülebilirlik, turizm talebi

Overtourism, Theory of Population And Demand for Tourism

Öz

The Although the crowded created by the high demand is considered as a problem that has existed long before, it has become a clearly visible problem today. In general, suggestions for solutions de-promoting, limitation, reducing the number of tourists and distributing tourist demand to less intense tourism destination. However, the continuation of the general increase in demand seems inevitable. This is same as Malthus' theory of population. More food brings more population, more population requires more food, but the amount of food that can be produced has a limit and this limit cannot be crossed. In tourism, population growth and other factors increase the demand for tourism. High demand and over tourism require more tourism destination. Destination satisfaction and growing population feed demand further and require new supply, tourism destinations. However, it is either impossible to provide this supply forever, or it is possible by turning every location in the world into a destination. However, the second option is practically impossible for both social and ecological balances

Anahtar Kelimeler

overtourism, Malthusian limit, sustainability, tourism demand

Kaynakça

• Aligica, P. D. (2009) ‘Julian Simon and the “ Limits to Growth ” Neo-Malthusianism’, The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, 1(3), 73–84.
• Avond, G. et al. (2019) ‘Overtourism: a result of the Janus-faced character of the tourism industry’, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5), 552–565. doi: 10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0039.
• Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S., Dosquet, F. and del Olmo Arriaga, J. L. (2019) ‘The dark side of digital technology to overtourism: the case of Barcelona’, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5), 582–593. doi: 10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0041.
• BUTLER, R. W. (1980) ‘THE CONCEPT OF A TOURIST AREA CYCLE OF EVOLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES’, Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x.
• Caldwell, J. C. (1998) ‘Malthus and the Less Developed World: The Pivotal Role of India’, Population and Development Review. doi: 10.2307/2808021.
• Ceron, J. P. and Dubois, G. (2007) ‘Limits to tourism? A backcasting scenario for sustainable tourism mobility in 2050’, Tourism and Hospitality, Planning and Development, 4(3), 191–209. doi: 10.1080/14790530701736598.
• Çetinkaya, G. and Dedemen, O. (2013) ‘Golf Turizmine Yönelik Yerel Halkın Algılarının Belirlenmesi: Antalya/Belek Örneği’, Turar Turizm ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2(1), 24–45.
• Corry, B. A. (1959) ‘Malthus and Keynes--A Reconsiderastion’, The Economic Journal. JSTOR, 69(276), 717–724.
• Dodds, R. and Butler, R. (2019a) ‘Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions’, in Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
• Dodds, R. and Butler, R. (2019b) ‘The phenomena of overtourism: a review’, International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 519–528. doi: 10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090.
• Doxey, G. V (1975) ‘Theory of visitor-resident irritants, methodology and research inferences: The impact of tourism’, in Sixth Annual Conference of the Travel Research Association, San Diego, USA.
• Dünya Bankası (2020) Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri - Google Halka Açık Veriler Gezgini. Available at: https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_totl&hl=tr&dl=tr (Erişildi: 21 Eylül 2020).
• Duvick, D. N. (1999) ‘Feeding the Ten Billion: Plants and Population Growth’, Crop Science, 39(5), 1522–1523. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1999.0002br.
• DW (2018) Venice installs turnstiles to limit massive tourist flow. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/venice-installs-turnstiles-to-limit-massive-tourist-flow/a-43578659 (Erişildi: 5 Ekim 2020).
• Goodwin, H. (2017) ‘The Challenge of Overtoursim’, Responsible tourism partnership.
• Jacobsen, J. K. S. and Munar, A. M. (2012) ‘Tourist information search and destination choice in a digital age’, Tourism Management Perspectives. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.005.
• Koens, K., Postma, A. and Papp, B. (2018) ‘Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context’, Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(12), 1–15. doi: 10.3390/su10124384. Linnér, B.-O. (2003) The return of Malthus: environmentalism and post-war population-resource crises. White Horse Press. Malthus, T. R. (2017) Nüfus ilkesi. 1. bs. Translated by Ç. Taşkın. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
• Milano, C., Cheer, J. and Novelli, M. (2019) ‘Overtourism: Excesses’, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism.
• Nepal, R. and Nepal, S. K. (2019) ‘Managing overtourism through economic taxation: policy lessons from five countries’, Tourism Geographies. Routledge, 0(0), 1–22. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2019.1669070.
• Page, S. (2011) ‘Tourism management, an introduction 4th edition’. Elsevier Ltd. Oxford, UK.
• Perkumienė, D. and Pranskūnienė, R. (2019) ‘Overtourism: Between the right to travel and residents’ rights’, Sustainability. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 11(7), 2138.
• Price, D. (1998) ‘Of Population and False Hopes: Malthus and His Legacy’, Population and Environment. doi: 10.1023/A:1024687818720.
• Roncak, M. (2019) ‘Prague and the impact of low-cost airlines’, Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions, 152–168.
• Sæþórsdóttir, A. D., Hall, C. M. and Wendt, M. (2020) ‘From boiling to frozen? The rise and fall of international tourism to iceland in the era of overtourism’, Environments - MDPI, 7(8), 1–19. doi: 10.3390/environments7080059.
• Sigala, M., Rahimi, R. and Thelwall, M. (2019) Big Data and Innovation in Tourism, Travel, and Hospitality, Big Data and Innovation in Tourism, Travel, and Hospitality: Managerial Approaches, Techniques, and Applications. Edited by M. Sigala, R. Rahimi, and M. Thelwall. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6339-9.
• Sky News (2018) Venice installs gates to limit tourist numbers | World News |. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/venice-installs-gates-to-limit-tourist-numbers-11350585 (Accessed: 5 October 2020).
• Smith, P. (2015) ‘Malthus is still wrong: we can feed a world of 9–10 billion, but only by reducing food demand’, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74(3), 187–190. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114001517.
• Stokstad, E. (2005) ‘Will Malthus Continue to Be Wrong?’, Science, 309(5731), 102–102. doi: 10.1126/science.309.5731.102.
• T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013) Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023 Eylem Planı 2007 - 2013. Ankara.
• Trewavas, A. (2002) ‘Malthus foiled again and again’, Nature, 418(6898), 668–670. doi: 10.1038/nature01013.
• Uğur, A. A. and İzgi, B. B. (2011) ‘KÜRESELLEŞME SÜRECİNDE GEÇİŞ EKONOMİLERİNİN SOSYO-EKONOMİK ADAPTASYONU’, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. doi: 10.17755/esosder.23783.
• UNWTO (2020) Global and regional tourism performance | UNWTO. Available at: https://www.unwto.org/global-and-regional-tourism-performance (Erişildi: 21 Eylül 2020).
• Wrigley, E. A. (1988) ‘The Limits to Growth: Malthus and the Classical Economists’, Population and Development Review. doi: 10.2307/2808089.
• Yılmaz, Ö. D. and Filiz, A. (2017) ‘TURİZM GELİŞİM YAKLAŞIMLARI KAPSAMINDA YEREL HALKIN TURİZME YÖNELİK ALGI VE TUTUMLARI: MAZI KÖYÜ-TÜRKBÜKÜ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ’, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. doi: 10.17218/hititsosbil.329873.