Alice Görsel Programlama Ortamının Programlama Eğitiminde Kullanımı: Tanımlayıcı Durum Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 434 - 452, 31.07.2024

Ceren Baştemur Kaya Hasan Çakır

https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1464694

Öz

Programlama dili öğrenmek, özellikle programlama dilini ilk öğrenmeye başlayanlar için zorlu bir süreç olarak görülmektedir. Bu nedenle eğitim ortamlarında görsel programlama araçları kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Görsel programlama araçları soyut programlama dili kavramlarını somutlaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Alice programı görsel programlama araçlarından biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Alice programının eğitim ortamında programlama öğrenimine etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışma grubu meslek yüksekokulu bilgisayar teknolojisi bölümü Nesne Tabanlı Programlama I dersine kayıtlı olan18 birinci sınıf öğrencisidir. Öğretimin Gagne'nin dokuz aşamalı öğretim modeline göre gerçekleştirildiği araştırma haftada 4 saat toplam 8 hafta sürmüştür. Öğretim süreci sonunda öğrencilerle Alice programının kullanımını engelleyen ve kolaylaştıran faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla iki odak grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. İçerik analizi ile toplanan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde; Alice programının temel kod kavramlarının öğrenilmesini kolaylaştırdığı ve programlama mantığının anlaşılmasını sağladığı, programlama öğrenme isteğini artırdığı görülmüştür. Ancak Alice programında kod yazılamadığı ve bu nedenle kod yazma pratikliğinin kazanılamadığı belirtilmiştir. Programlama öğretim ortamlarında Alice programı kullanımının programlama mantığının daha iyi anlaşılması açısından faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alice, programlama öğretimi, görsel programlama ortamı

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma birinci yazarın ikinci yazarın danışmanlığında hazırladığı doktora tezi verileri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu'ndan 12.02.2016 tarih, 84902927 karar sayısı, 2016.02.03 karar no'lu etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

Use of the Alice Visual Programming Environment in Programming Education : A Descriptive Case Study

Öz

The process of learning a programming language is seen as complicated, especially for those who first start to learn programming language. For this reason, visual programming tools have begun to be used in educational environments. Visual programming tools purpose to concretize abstract programming language concepts. Alice program is one of the visual programming tools. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of the Alice program on programming learning in the education environment. The study group was 18 freshman students enrolled in the Object Based Programming I course at the vocational school computer technology department. The study lasted 8 weeks, with 4 hours each week. The teaching was realized on Gagne’s nine events of instruction model. At the end of the teaching process, two focus group interviews were conducted with the students to determine the obstructing and facilitating factors in using the Alice program. This study was utilized a descriptive case study. The data were analyzed by using the content analysis. When the results were examined; It was seen that the Alice program makes learning the basic code concepts easy and understanding programming logic, and increases the desire to learn programming. However, it was stated that the practicality of writing code could not be improved because code could not be written in the Alice program. It is thought that employing the Alice program is beneficial for enhancing comprehension of programming logic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alice, programming teaching, visual programming environment

Etik Beyan

This study was extracted using the data of the Ph.D. thesis prepared by the first author under the supervision of the second author. In this study, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University Ethics Committee dated 12.02.2016, decision number 84902927, decision no: 2016.02.03 ethics committee approval was obtained.

Kaynakça

• Aktunc, O. (2013). A teaching methodology for introductory programming courses using Alice. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 3(1), 350-353.
• Al-Linjawi, A. A. and Al-Nuaim, H. A. (2010). Using Alice to teach novice programmers OOP concepts. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Science, 148(632), 1-20. DOI:10.4197/Sci.22-1.4.
• Al-Tahat, K. (2021, December). Alice adventures in computingland: A review. 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), IEEE. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9677413 in 10.07.2024.
• Alghamdi, J. and Holland, C. (2020). A comparative analysis of policies, strategies and programmes for information and communication technology integration in education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the republic of Ireland. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 4721-4745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10169-5.
• Ar, Ü. and Korkmaz, Ö. (2023). Mesleki ve teknik anadolu lisesi öğrencilerinin kodlama eğitimine dönük tutumlarının ve bilgisayarca düşünme beceri düzeyleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(3), 873-892. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1350287.
• Baştemur Kaya, C. (2018). Programlama dili öğretiminde Alice programının öğrencilerin akademik başarıları, problem çözme becerisi algıları, motivasyonları ve programlamaya hazırbulunuşluk düzeyleri üzerisine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Baştemur Kaya, C. and Çakır, H. (2018). Programlama dili öğretiminde Alice programının kullanım sürecinin incelenmesi. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 187-206. DOI:10.14689/issn.2148 - 2624.1.6c2s9m.
• Biju, S. M. (2013). Taking advantage of Alice to teach programming concepts. E-Learning and Digital Media, 10(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2013.10.1.22.
• Binici, H. and Necdet, A. (2004). Mesleki ve teknik eğitimde arayışlar. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 383-396.
• Bishop-Clark, C., Courte, J., Evans, D. and Howard, E. V. (2007). A quantitative and qualitative investigation of using Alice programming to improve confidence, enjoyment and achievement among non-majors. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 37(2), 193-207. https://doi.org/10.2190/J8W3-74U6-Q064-12J5.
• Bosse, Y. and Gerosa, M. A. (2017). Why is programming so difficult to learn? Patterns of difficulties related to programming learning mid-stage. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 41(6), 1-6. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3011286.3011301.
• Brown, P. H. (2008). Some field experience with Alice. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 24(2), 213-219.
• Cliburn, D. C. (2008, October). Student opinions of Alice in CS1. 2008 38th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/ 4720254/?casa_token=YdLbVr4xU6AAAAAA:HwIViHzqX5J-V83tSbSh2ndJhURsiiO SYqWeKXDN1fCWOshgT4wk2tGzOJL c5l-x-LmcQ3CjaY in 02.04.2024.
• Cooper, S., Dann, W. and Pausch, R. (2000, November). Developing algorithmic thinking with Alice. The Proceedings of ISECON. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=15c0016285c067f2f8dbbf2d7d59f9ffceb9237f in 02.04.2024.
• Cooper, S., Dann, W. and Pausch, R. (2003). Using animated 3d graphics to prepare novices for CS1. Computer Science Education, 13(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1076/csed.13.1.3.13540.
• Cooper, S., Dann, W., Pausch, R. and Pausch, R. (2000). Alice: A 3-D tool for introductory programming concepts. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 15(5), 107-116.
• Courte, J., Howard, E. V. and Bishop-Clark, C. (2006). Using Alice in a computer science survey course. Information Systems Education Journal, 4(87).
• Creswell, J. W. and Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
• Daly, T. (2011). Minimizing to maximize: An initial attempt at teaching introductory programming using Alice. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 26(5), 23-30.
• Denner, J., Werner, L. and Ortiz, E. (2012). Computer games created by middle school girls: Can they be used to measure understanding of computer science concepts?. Computers and Education, 58(1), 240-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.006.
• Fasy, B. T., Hancock, S. A., Komlos, B. Z., Kristiansen, B., Micka, S. and Theobold, A. S. (2020, June). Bring the page to life: Engaging rural students in computer science using Alice. The 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3341525.3387367?casa _token=3gwoo8vi9KcAAAAA:yKxsyeJZJV66TPjYAi5rMJBe7axZJTxD07ty7fYjNAyTHk0aRTBwYmChCMPvIeXhjKMwOTsBvVS2 in 10.07.2024.
• Fauzan, M. N. (2021). Computational thinking dan Alice 3: Prodi/Jurusan D4 teknik informatika politeknik pos Indonesia. Jurnal Teknik Informatika, 13(1), 1-4.
• Fessakis, G., Gouli, E. and Mavroudi, E. (2013). Problem solving by 5–6 years old kindergarten children in a computer programming environment: A case study. Computers and Education, 63, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.01.
• Feurzeig, W., Papert, S. A. and Lawler, B. (2011). Programming-languages as a conceptual framework for teaching mathematics. Interactive Learning Environments, 19(5), 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820903520040.
• Fields, D., Giang, M. and Kafai, Y. (2014). Programming in the wild: Patterns of computational participation in the Scratch online social networking forum. The 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education. New York,NY: ACM. Ford, J. L. (2016). Programming for the absolute beginner. Nelson Education.
• Garlick, R. and Cankaya, E. C. (2010, June). Using Alice in CS1: A quantitative experiment. The Fifteenth Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1822090.1822138 in 02.04.2024.
• Garner, S. (2003, June). Learning resources and tools to aid novices learn programming. Informing Science and Information Technology Education Joint conference (INSITE). Retrieved from https://proceedings.informingscience.org/IS2003Proceedings/docs/ 036Garne.pdf in 02.04.2024.
• Gomes, A. and Mendes, A. J. (2007, June). An environment to improve programming education. The 2007 International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1330598.1330691 in 02.04.2024.
• Havenga, M., Breed, B. and Mentz, E. (2013). Metacognitive and problem-solving skills to promote self-directed learning in computer programming: Teachers’ experiences. SA-eDUC, 10(2).
• Hayat, K., Al-Shukaili, N. A. and Sultan, K. (2017). Alice in oman: A study on object-first approaches in computer science education. Education and Information Technologies, 22(4), 1553-1569. DOI 10.1007/s10639-016-9499-4 Hill, C. (2015). Programming environments for children: Creating a language that grows with you. Master’s Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara.
• Howard, E. V., Evans, D., Courte, J. and Bishop-Clark, C. (2006). A qualitative look at Alice and pair-programming. ISECON 2006. Retrieved from https://isedj.org/7/80/ISEDJ.7(80).Howard.pdf in 02.04.2024.
• Hsu, T. C., Chang, S. C. and Hung, Y.T. (2018). How to learn and how to teach computational thinking: Suggestions based on a review of the literature. Computers and Education, 126, 296-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.004.
• Johnsgard, K. and McDonald, J. (2008, April). Using Alice in overview courses to improve success rates in programming I. 2008 21st Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4556958?casa_token=RQWOYm5jO8QAAAAA:ojgOkfjB5ZoX0TnpqbL2LoyIszaJK0tlO7nFHWt2Rdcg4eGh_qWX4d_jYDyk8TLfIui1vde7a8 in 02.04.2024.
• Kayabaşı, E. (2016). Öğretmen adaylarının Alice deneyimi: 3B ortamda programlama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa.
• Kölling, M. (2010). The greenfoot programming environment. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), 10(4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/1868358.1868361.
• Kölling, M., Quig, B., Patterson, A. and Rosenberg, J. (2003). The BlueJ system and its pedagogy. Computer Science Education, 13(4), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.1076/csed.13.4.249.17496.
• Lau, W. W. and Yuen, A. H. (2011). Modelling programming performance: Beyond the influence of learner characteristics. Computers and Education, 57(1), 1202-1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.002.
• Li, N., Verma, H., Skevi, A., Zufferey, G., Blom, J. and Dillenbourg, P. (2014). Watching MOOCs together: Investigating co-located MOOC study groups. Distance Education, 35(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2014.917708.
• Liu, J., Lin, C., Hasson, E. P. and Barnett, Z. D. (2011, March). Introducing computer science to K-12 through a summer computing workshop for teachers. The 42nd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Dallas. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1953163.1953277?casa_token=8CxZVgvEbAwAAAAA:9eGPr2Xc6dF8LpbBoYTSpMxAE-Edfn6_CvTCKzyXty3t7t3WgS7bsC3hhglmP Hd_coi2z3lNJZTt. https://doi.org/10.1145/1953163.1953277 in 10.07.2024.
• McKenzie, B. (2009). Introductory programming with Alice as a gateway to the computing profession. Information Systems Education Journal, 7(38), 3-8.
• Merriam, S. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
• Moskal, B., Lurie, D. and Cooper, S. (2004). Evaluating the effectiveness of a new instructional approach. ACM Sigcse Bulletin, 36(1), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1145/971300.971328.
• Özdemir, E. Ç. (2023). Okuma becerisinin geliştirilmesinde artırılmış gerçeklik teknolojisinin kullanımına yönelik çalışmaların sistematik derlemesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.1226068.
• Papadakis, S., Kalogiannakis, M., Orfanakis, V. and Zaranis, N. (2014, June). Novice programming environments. Scratch and app inventor: A first comparison. The 2014 Workshop on Interaction Design in Educational Environments. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2643604.2643613 in 02.04.2024.
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
• Powers, K., Ecott, S. and Hirshfield, L. M. (2007). Through the looking glass: Teaching CS0 with Alice. The 38th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1227310.1227386 in 02.04.2024.
• Resnick, M., Flanagan, M., Kelleher, C., MacLaurin, M., Ohshima, Y., Perlin, K. and Torres, R. (2009). Growing up programming: Democratizing the creation of dynamic, interactive media. The CHI'09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference, Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved from http://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/CHI-programming-panel.pdf in 02.04.2024.
• Rojat, M. R. (2022). Pembelajaran pemrograman berorientasi objek (object oriented programming) berbasis project based learning. Jurnal Portal Data, 2(7).
• Rushkoff, D. (2010). Program or be programmed: Ten commands for a digital age. Or Books. Saeli, M., Perrenet, J., Jochems, W. M. and Zwaneveld, B. (2011). Teaching programming in Secondary school: A pedagogical content knowledge perspective. Informatics in Education, 10(1), 73-88.
• Schultz, L. A. (2011). Student perceptions of instructional tools in programming logic: A comparison of traditional versus Alice teaching environments. Information Systems Education Journal, 9(1), 60.
• Solmaz, E. (2014). Programlama dili öğretiminde Alice yazılımının ders başarısı, eleştirel düşünme ve problem çözme becerileri ile üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeyine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Sykes, E. R. (2007). Determining the effectiveness of the 3D Alice programming environment at the computer science I level. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 36(2), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.2190/J175-Q735-1345-270.
• Şahin, İ. and Fındık, T. (2008). Türkiye’de mesleki ve teknik eğitim: Mevcut durum, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. TSA, 12 (3), 65-86.
• Topalli, D. and Cagiltay, N. E. (2018). Improving programming skills in engineering education through problem-based game projects with Scratch. Computers and Education, 120, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.01.011.
• Ünal, E. and Çakır, H. (2016). İşbirlikli teknolojilerle desteklenen yapılandırmacı öğrenme ortamının akademik uğraşıya etkisi. Journal of Instructional Technologies and Teacher Education, 5(1), 13-18.
• Wang, T.C., Mei, W.H., Lin, S.L., Chiu, S.K. and Lin, J. M.C. (2009). Teaching programming concepts to high school students with Alice. 2009 39th İEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5350486? casa_token=3UWHXQkArjwAAAAA:JOWauWC1An1hsO28jeA2_ZzLP1s1eEQIr0Kfd_a7wolq3NSrlK0NSzOb__dQxTPH3uVOMC0sSZ4 in 02.04.2024
• Werner, L., Denner, J., Bliesner, M. and Rex, P. (2009). Can middle-schoolers use Storytelling Alice to make games? Results of a pilot study. The 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145 /1536513.1536552 in 02.04.2024.
• Yildirim, A., and Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yildiz Durak, H. (2020). The effects of using different tools in programming teaching of secondary school students on engagement, computational thinking and reflective thinking skills for problem solving. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25(1), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-018-9391-y.
• Yıldız Durak, H. and Güyer, T. (2022). Design and development of an instructional program for teaching programming processes to gifted students using scratch. In Research Anthology on Computational Thinking, Programming, and Robotics in the Classroom (127-155). IGI Global.
• Zhang, J. X., Liu, L., de Pablos, P. O. and She, J. (2014). The auxiliary role of information technology in teaching: Enhancing programming course using Alice. The International Journal of Engineering Education, 30(3), 560-565.