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Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 163 - 182, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.977488

Öz

Disaster is defined as the holistic state of natural or human-induced events that develop suddenly, whose controllability requires a systematic approach, which interrupts or stops social life and causes loss of life, property and often cannot be overcome with local capacity. Biological disasters can be human-induced as well as naturally infectious diseases and epidemiological emergencies. Considering the potential of the 21st century, biological disasters have played a role in influenza infections such as Swine Flu (H1N1), Bird Influenza (H5N1), and the Coronavirus family. Considering the disasters in which medical CBRN agents are effective, we evaluated the data in this study to determine the risk management of biological disasters. Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the first 15 countries are included in the list based on the total cumulative order of the cases and the 12-week case of SARS-CoV-2 in the first quarter of 2021. We tried to evaluate the analysis of data, mortality rates, and the point reached in vaccination within this timeline to provide an overview of 2021 in this research study.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Achaiah, N. C., Subbarajasetty, S. B., & Shetty, R. M. (2020). R0 and Re of COVID-19: Can We Predict When the Pandemic Outbreak will be Contained? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(11), 1125. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649
  • Agrawal, A. S., Tao, X., Algaissi, A., Garron, T., Narayanan, K., Peng, B.-H., Couch, R. B., & Tseng, C.-T. K. (2016). Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12(9), 2351–2356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688
  • Ai, T., Yang, Z., Hou, H., Zhan, C., Chen, C., Lv, W., Tao, Q., Sun, Z., & Xia, L. (2020). Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
  • Akgül, M. Ş., Ozcan, N., Uzun, M. E., Gurses, V. V, & Baydil, B. (2021). Physiological impact of wearing a surgical face mask during walking in the COVID-19 pandemic. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(4), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0401
  • Alauddin, M., Khan, F., Imtiaz, S., Ahmed, S., & Amyotte, P. (2021). Pandemic risk management using engineering safety principles. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 150, 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.014
  • Ansart, S., Pelat, C., Boelle, P. Y., Carrat, F., Flahault, A., & Valleron, A. J. (2009). Mortality burden of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Europe. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 3(3), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x
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  • Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., & Sachs, D. (2020). Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell, 181(5), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026
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Biyolojik Afetler: 2021'in İlk Çeyreğinde Covid-19 Pandemisine Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 163 - 182, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.977488

Öz

Afet, doğal veya insan kaynaklı, aniden gelişen, kontrol edilebilirliği sistematik bir yaklaşım gerektiren, sosyal hayatı kesintiye uğratan veya durduran, can, mal kaybına neden olan ve çoğu zaman yerel kapasite ile üstesinden gelinemeyen bütünsel bir durum olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Biyolojik afetler insan kaynaklı olabileceği gibi, doğal olarak bulaşıcı hastalıklar ve epidemiyolojik olarak da ortaya çıkabilmektedir. 21. yüzyılın potansiyeli düşünüldüğünde, Domuz Gribi (H1N1), Kuş Gribi (H5N1) ve Corona virüs ailesi gibi grip enfeksiyonlarında biyolojik afetler rol oynamıştır. Tıbbi KBRN ajanlarının etkili olduğu afetler göz önünde bulundurularak biyolojik afetlerin risk yönetiminin belirlenmesi amacıyla bu çalışmadaki verileri risk yönetimi açısından değerlendirdik. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün (DSÖ) 11 Mart 2020 tarihi ile pandemi ilan etmesinin üzerinden bir yılı aşkın bir süre geçmesi sonucunda vakaların toplam kümülatif sırasına göre listede ilk 15 ülke yer aldı ve 2021 yılının ilk çeyreğinde SARS-CoV-2 haftalık vakası belirlendi. Bu araştırma çalışmasında 2021 yılına genel bir bakış sağlamak amacıyla verilerin analizini, ölüm oranlarını ve aşılamada gelinen noktayı bu zaman çizelgesi içinde değerlendirmeye çalıştık.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Achaiah, N. C., Subbarajasetty, S. B., & Shetty, R. M. (2020). R0 and Re of COVID-19: Can We Predict When the Pandemic Outbreak will be Contained? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 24(11), 1125. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649
  • Agrawal, A. S., Tao, X., Algaissi, A., Garron, T., Narayanan, K., Peng, B.-H., Couch, R. B., & Tseng, C.-T. K. (2016). Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 12(9), 2351–2356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688
  • Ai, T., Yang, Z., Hou, H., Zhan, C., Chen, C., Lv, W., Tao, Q., Sun, Z., & Xia, L. (2020). Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642
  • Akgül, M. Ş., Ozcan, N., Uzun, M. E., Gurses, V. V, & Baydil, B. (2021). Physiological impact of wearing a surgical face mask during walking in the COVID-19 pandemic. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 25(4), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0401
  • Alauddin, M., Khan, F., Imtiaz, S., Ahmed, S., & Amyotte, P. (2021). Pandemic risk management using engineering safety principles. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 150, 416–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.014
  • Ansart, S., Pelat, C., Boelle, P. Y., Carrat, F., Flahault, A., & Valleron, A. J. (2009). Mortality burden of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Europe. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 3(3), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x
  • Bauch, C. T. (2021). Estimating the COVID-19 R number: a bargain with the devil? In The Lancet Infectious Diseases (Vol. 21, Issue 2, pp. 151–153). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30840-9
  • Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., & Sachs, D. (2020). Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell, 181(5), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026
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  • Lam, W. K., Zhong, N. S., & Tan, W. C. (2003). Overview on SARS in Asia and the World. In Respirology (Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00516.x
  • Liao, M., Liu, Y., Yuan, J., Wen, Y., Xu, G., Zhao, J., Cheng, L., Li, J., Wang, X., & Wang, F. (2020). Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26(6), 842–844. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0901-9
  • Liu, L., Wei, Q., Lin, Q., Fang, J., Wang, H., Kwok, H., Tang, H., Nishiura, K., Peng, J., & Tan, Z. (2019). Anti–spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight, 4(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.123158
  • Macnaughton, M. R., & Davies, H. A. (1987). Coronaviridae. Perspectives in Medical Virology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(08)70094-6
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  • Mitjà, O., & Clotet, B. (2020). Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission. The Lancet Global Health, 8(5), e639–e640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30114-5
  • Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2008). Emerging infections: a perpetual challenge. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 8(11), 710–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70256-1
  • Niska, R. W., & Burt, C. W. (2005). Bioterrorism and Mass Casualty Preparedness in Hospitals, United States, 2003, BOOK. (Issue 364). US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control.
  • Omer, S. B., Yildirim, I., & Forman, H. P. (2020). Herd Immunity and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Control. JAMA, 324(20), 2095–2096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20892
  • Özceylan Aubrecht, D., & Coşkun, E. (2014). Kimyasal, biyolojik, radyolojik, nükleer (KBRN) Afetlere gerçek zamanlı yanıt sağlayacak bir karar destek sistemi modeli. Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri Kongresi, 49.
  • Pehlivan, D., Bayram, Y., Gunes, N., Coban Akdemir, Z., Shukla, A., Bierhals, T., Tabakci, B., Sahin, Y., Gezdirici, A., Fatih, J. M., Gulec, E. Y., Yesil, G., Punetha, J., Ocak, Z., Grochowski, C. M., Karaca, E., Albayrak, H. M., Radhakrishnan, P., Erdem, H. B., … Lupski, J. R. (2019). The Genomics of Arthrogryposis, a Complex Trait: Candidate Genes and Further Evidence for Oligogenic Inheritance. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105(1), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.05.015
  • Public Health England. (2020). Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 Technical Briefing 3. In Gov.Uk, BOOK (Issue December). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-novel-sars-cov-2-variant-variant-of-concern-20201201
  • Remy, K. E., Mazer, M., Striker, D. A., Ellebedy, A. H., Walton, A. H., Unsinger, J., Blood, T. M., Mudd, P. A., Yi, D. J., & Mannion, D. A. (2020). Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections. JCI Insight, 5(17). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.140329
  • Schirmbeck, R., Böhm, W., & Reimann, J. (1996). Virus-like particles induce MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses. Intervirology, 39(1–2), 111–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000150482
  • Sezen, F. (2009). Influenza pandemics. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 66(2, Supplement), 21–24.
  • Shang, J., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Ye, G., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., & Li, F. (2020). Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117
  • Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. In Journal of Advanced Research (Vol. 24, pp. 91–98). Cairo University. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
  • Shu, Y., & McCauley, J. (2017). GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data–from vision to reality. Eurosurveillance, 22(13), 30494. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494
  • Simonsen, L., Clarke, M. J., Schonberger, L. B., Arden, N. H., Cox, N. J., & Fukuda, K. (1998). Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: A pattern of changing age distribution. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 178(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1086/515616
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  • Workgroup, C. D. C. S. P. (2000). Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. In MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control, BOOK (Vol. 49, Issue RR-4).
  • Wu, Zhiwei, Hu, Y., Xu, M., Chen, Z., Yang, W., Jiang, Z., Li, M., Jin, H., Cui, G., & Chen, P. (2021). Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(6), 803–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30987-7
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  • Zhou, P., Yang, X. Lou, Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H. R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C. L., Chen, H. D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R. Di, Liu, M. Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X. R., Wang, X., … Shi, Z. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yakup Artik 0000-0002-2636-4879

Nevra Cesur 0000-0003-3979-6053

Levent Kenar 0000-0002-6613-1308

Mesut Ortatatlı 0000-0002-7899-6157

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 9 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Artik, Y., Cesur, N., Kenar, L., Ortatatlı, M. (2021). Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 4(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.977488
AMA Artik Y, Cesur N, Kenar L, Ortatatlı M. Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Kasım 2021;4(2):163-182. doi:10.35341/afet.977488
Chicago Artik, Yakup, Nevra Cesur, Levent Kenar, ve Mesut Ortatatlı. “Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Kasım 2021): 163-82. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.977488.
EndNote Artik Y, Cesur N, Kenar L, Ortatatlı M (01 Kasım 2021) Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 4 2 163–182.
IEEE Y. Artik, N. Cesur, L. Kenar, ve M. Ortatatlı, “Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 163–182, 2021, doi: 10.35341/afet.977488.
ISNAD Artik, Yakup vd. “Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 4/2 (Kasım 2021), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.977488.
JAMA Artik Y, Cesur N, Kenar L, Ortatatlı M. Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2021;4:163–182.
MLA Artik, Yakup vd. “Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 163-82, doi:10.35341/afet.977488.
Vancouver Artik Y, Cesur N, Kenar L, Ortatatlı M. Biological Disasters: An Overview of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the First Quarter of 2021. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2021;4(2):163-82.