Yemen'de Hepatit C Virüsü Epidemiyolojisi: Sistematik İnceleme

Öz

Amaç: Yemen'deki farklı popülasyonlarda hepatit c virüsü enfeksiyonunun prevalansını belirlemek ve iyi karakterize etmek. Ayrıca, Yemen'de gelecekteki epidemiyolojik çalışma alanlarını belirlemek. Yöntemler: PRISMA yönergelerinin kullanımıyla sistematik bir inceleme yapıldı. 1980 ile 2020 arasında, her PubMed, web of Science, Scopus ve Google Scholar'da yürütülen Yemen'deki hepatit C ile ilgili herhangi bir epidemiyolojik veri için kapsamlı bir araştırma yapıldı. Bulgular: Kırk dokuz (49) çalışma, dört veri tabanındaki dahil etme ve dışlama kriterleriyle eşleşiyordu. Bu 49 çalışmayı analiz ettikten sonra, nüfusun genel grubunda prevalansın% 0,07 -% 8,5 arasında değiştiğini bulduk. En yüksek prevalansın hamile kadınlarda olduğu (% 8,5'e kadar), o zaman halk (% 6'ya kadar), ardından sırasıyla% 3 ve% 2,8'e kadar kan bağışçıları ve çocuklar. Orta risk grubunda, tüm popülasyon sağlık departmanı çalışanlarından olmak üzere, HCV prevalansı% 1.03-3.5 arasında değişiyordu. Yüksek riskli grupta, aralık% 6.4-% 62.7 arasında olup, en yüksek prevalans karaciğer hastalığı olan hastalarda kaydedilmiştir. Hasta grubunda HCV prevalansı aralığı% 0-% 46 arasındayken orak hücreli anemi hastalar en düşük prevalansa sahipti, kronik böbrek yetmezliği hastaları en yüksek prevalansa sahipti. Sonuç: Bu sistemik derleme, Yemen'de yüksek bir hepatit C enfeksiyonu prevalansını göstermektedir. Yemen'deki hepatit C virüsünün prevalansı hakkında daha kapsamlı bir fikir edinmek için araştırma kapsamını genişletme ve yeni araştırma gruplarına ve diğer şehirlere dikkat etme ihtiyacı da var.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hepatit C Virüsü
• YEMEN
• Epidemiyoloji
• Sistematik İnceleme

Hepatitis C Virus Epidemiology in Yemen: Systematic Review

Öz

Aim: To identify and well-characterize the prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection in different populations in Yemen. Also, to determine the future epidemiological study areas in Yemen. Methods: A systematic review was conducted with the use of the PRISMA guidelines. Between 1980 to 2020, a comprehensive search was done for any epidemiological data on hepatitis C in Yemen that were conducted in each PubMed, web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Forty-nine (49) studies were matching the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the four databases. After analyzing these 49 studies we found that In the general group of the population the prevalence was ranged between 0.07%-8.5%. Where the highest prevalence was in pregnant women (up to 8.5%) then the public (up to 6%) then blood donors and children up to 3% and 2.8% respectively. In the intermediate-risk group, HCV prevalence was ranged between 1.03%-3.5% where all population was from the health department workers. In the high-risk group, the range was between 6.4%-62.7%, and the highest prevalence was recorded in liver disease patients .in the patient's group the range of HCV prevalence was between 0%-46%, while the sickle cell anemia patients were the lowest prevalence the chronic renal failure patients had the highest prevalence. Conclusion: This systemic review demonstrates a high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Yemen. There is also a need to expand the scope of research and pay attention to new research groups and other cities to get a more comprehensive idea of the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus in Yemen.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hepatitis c virus
• Epidemiology
• Yemen
• Systematic review

Kaynakça

1. 1. Axley P, Ahmed Z, Ravi S, Singal AK. Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018;6(1):79-84. Epub 2018/04/03. doi: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00067. PubMed PMID: 29607308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5863002.
2. 2. Organization WH. Hepatitis C: fact sheet 27 July 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c#:~:text=Key%20facts,major%20cause%20of%20liver%20cancer.
3. 3. Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Fitzmaurice C, Vos T, Abubakar I, et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2016;388(10049):1081-8.
4. 4. Chemaitelly H, Mahmud S, Mumtaz GR, Benova L, Ayoub HH, Kouyoumjian SP, et al. Hepatitis C Virus in the Middle East and North Africa. 2019.
5. 5. Organization WH. Global hepatitis report 2017: World Health Organization; 2017.
6. 6. D’Ambrosio R, Degasperi E, Colombo M, Aghemo A. Direct-acting antivirals: the endgame for hepatitis C? Current opinion in virology. 2017;24:31-7.
7. 7. Organization WH. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021. Towards ending viral hepatitis. World Health Organization, 2016.
8. 8. Organization WH. Combating hepatitis B and C to reach elimination by 2030: advocacy brief. World Health Organization, 2016.

9. 9. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2009;62(10):e1-e34.
10. 10. Houghton M. Discovery of the hepatitis C virus. Liver International. 2009;29:82-8.
11. 11. Amran OAA, Al-Shamahy HA, Al Hadad AM, Jaadan BM. EXPLOSION OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AS A RESULT OF HEMODIALYSIS CRISIS IN YEMEN.
12. 12. Scott DA, Constantine NT, Callahan J, Burans JP, Olson JG, al-Fadeel M, et al. The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus antibody in Yemen. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992;46(1):63-8. Epub 1992/01/01. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.46.63. PubMed PMID: 1311155.
13. 13. el Guneid AM, Gunaid AA, O'Neill AM, Zureikat NI, Coleman JC, Murray-Lyon IM. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D virus markers in Yemeni patients with chronic liver disease. J Med Virol. 1993;40(4):330-3. Epub 1993/08/01. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890400413. PubMed PMID: 8228926.
14. 14. Gray GC, Kassira EN, Rodier GR, Myers MC, Calamaio CA, Gregory M, et al. Remote Village Survey for Agents Causing Hepatosplenic Disease in the Republic of Yemen.
15. 15. Al-Moslih MI, Al-Huraibi MA. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus among patients with liver disease in the Republic of Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 2001;7(4-5):771-8. Epub 2004/08/31. PubMed PMID: 15332778.
16. 16. Sallam TA, Tong CYW, Cuevas LE, Raja'a YA, Othman AM, Al-Kharsa KR. Prevalence of blood-borne viral hepatitis in different communities in Yemen. Epidemiology and Infection. 2003;131(1):771-5. doi: 10.1017/s0950268803008653. PubMed PMID: WOS:000185006100024.
17. 17. Sultan A, Abdulrahman A, Omar S, Huda S. Short Communication The frequency of hepatitis B and C among blood donors: a hospital-based study in Sana’a, Yemen.
18. 18. Selm SB. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in a single center in Yemen. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010;21(6):1165-8. Epub 2010/11/10. PubMed PMID: 21060200.
19. 19. Al-Shamiri AH, Al-Taj MA, Ahmed AS. Prevalence and co-infections of schistosomiasis/hepatitis B and C viruses among school children in an endemic areas in Taiz, Yemen. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(5):404-8. Epub 2011/07/21. doi: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60113-2. PubMed PMID: 21771686.
20. 20. Saghir SAM, Al-Hassan FM, Alsalahi OSA, Alhariry A, Baqir HS. Frequencies of HBV, HCV, HIV, and Syphilis Markers Among Blood Donors: A Hospital-Based Study in Hodeidah, Yemen. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2012;11(1):132-6. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v11i1.17. PubMed PMID: WOS:000302879100017.
21. 21. Alodini AQ. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infections among Blood Donors at Al-Thawra Hospital Sana'a City-Yemen. Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences. 2012;6.
22. 22. Al-Waleedi AA, Khader YS. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections and associated factors among blood donors in Aden City, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(6):624-9. Epub 2012/08/15. doi: 10.26719/2012.18.6.624. PubMed PMID: 22888620.
23. 23. Gacche RN, Kaid AM. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis B and C infections in ibb city, yemen. Hepat Mon. 2012;12(7):460-2. Epub 2012/09/26. doi: 10.5812/hepatmon.6140. PubMed PMID: 23008727; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3437458.
24. 24. Gacche RN, Al-Mohani SK. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection among General Population in Central Region of Yemen. Hepat Res Treat. 2012;2012:689726. Epub 2013/01/16. doi: 10.1155/2012/689726. PubMed PMID: 23320156; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3536035.
25. 25. Murad EA, Babiker SM, Gasim GI, Rayis DA, Adam I. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in pregnant women in Sana'a, Yemen. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:127. Epub 2013/06/14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-127. PubMed PMID: 23758990; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3684507.
26. 26. Al-Nabehi BAH, Al-Shamahy H, Saeed WSE, Musa AM, El Hassan AM, Khalil EAG. Sero-molecular epidemiology and risk factors of viral hepatitis in urban Yemen.
27. 27. Al-Zubiery T, Alharazi T, Alsumairy H, Al-Zubiery A. Sero-prevalence of Hbs Ag, HCV and HIV Among Blood Donors in Three Blood Bank Centers in Sana'a City: Yemen. Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science. 2017;1(1):46.
28. 28. Al-Zubiery TK, Alharazi T, Alsumairy H, Jabir AA, Muckbil MJ, Saleh MA, et al. Sero-prevalence of Anti-HCV among Yemenis Blood Donors Attending National Blood Transfusion and Research Centre in Sana'a: Yemen. International Blood Research & Reviews. 2017:1-6.
29. 29. Al-Kadassy AM, Balkam FA, Bashanfer S. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infections among Adult Males in Beit al-Faqih District, Al-Hodeidah Governorate, Republic of Yemen. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. 2017:1-6.
30. 30. Al-Hatheq A, Abakar AD, Al-Ofairi B. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors and clinical visitors in Amran Governorate, Yemen. International Journal of Molecular Microbiology. 2019;2(2):25-33.
31. 31. Ghaleb YA, Alshahari AZ, Ali MA, Al Amad MA, Al Serouri AA. Prevalence and Associated Factors with Transfusion-Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors at the National Blood Transfusion and Research Center, Sana’a, Yemen. 2020.
32. 32. Barkat B, Naseeb AA. Sero-prevalence and Associated Factors of Viral Hepatitis B and C infection among Pregnant Women in Alaeen Valley, Hadhramout Governorate, Yemen: Al-Razi University; 2020.
33. 33. Shidrawi R, Al-Huraibi MA, Al-Haimi MA, Dayton R, Murray-Lyon IM. Seroprevalence of markers of viral hepatitis in Yemeni healthcare workers. Journal of Medical Virology. 2004;73(4):562-5. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20126. PubMed PMID: WOS:000222317200010.
34. 34. Al-Kebsi A, Othman A, Abbas A, Madar E, Al-Shamahy H, Al-Gaffari K, et al. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis C virus among dental clinic workers in Sana’a city-Yemen and the risk factors contributing for its infection. Univ J Pharm Res. 2017;2(5):28-33.
35. 35. Al-Marrani WHM, Al-Shamahy HA. Prevalence of HBV and HCV; and their associated risk factors among public health center cleaners at selected Public Health Centers in Sana'a city-Yemen. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;3(5):58-62.
36. 36. Gunaid AA, Nasher TM, el-Guneid AM, Hill M, Dayton R, Pal A, et al. Acute sporadic hepatitis in the Republic of Yemen. J Med Virol. 1997;51(1):64-6. Epub 1997/01/01. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199701)51:1<64::aid-jmv10>3.0.co;2-4. PubMed PMID: 8986951.
37. 37. Al-Selwi AHA, Elezzy Y, Al Ghazali J, Hadi S. Association of hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatic viral markers B and C among Yemenis patients at Althawra Hospital Sana'a. Sudan Medical Journal. 2009;4(3):237-42.
38. 38. Selm SAB. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral markers in chronic liver disease patients: A single center experience from Yemen.
39. 39. Bin Selm SA. The seroprevalence of anti-HCV in high-risk dialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011;22(4):806-7. Epub 2011/07/12. PubMed PMID: 21743237.
40. 40. Saeed NM, Bawazir AA, Al-Zuraiqi M, Al-Negri F, Yunus F. Why is hepatocellular carcinoma less attributable to viral hepatitis in Yemen? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(8):3663-7. Epub 2012/10/27. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3663. PubMed PMID: 23098451.
41. 41. Salem A, Abdulrab A, Alfakeh Y, Aown A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Yemeni patients: a single centre experience over an 8-year period. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 18 (7), 693-699, 2012. 2012.
42. 42. Baghza NM. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in yemen. J Purity Utility React Environ. 2014;3:62-6.
43. 43. Aman K, Al-Dubai SA, Aman R, Hawash A, Alshagga M, Kassim S. Prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis C virus infection among renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis in three health centers in Aden, Yemen: a cross sectional study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(2):380-5. Epub 2015/03/12. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.152555. PubMed PMID: 25758898.
44. 44. Mohammed A-H, Hamid GA, Ahmed AS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN YEMEN: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION. Signs.33(120):44.2.
45. 45. Gaballah A, Shawky S, Elsawaf G, Shamsia M, Al Makdad A, Abd Elrahman M, et al. Virological Profiles of HBV and HCV in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egypt and Yemen.
46. 46. Hanash SH, Al-Shamahy HA, Bamshmous MHS. PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPING OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AND EVALUATION OF HCV-CORE ANTIGEN TEST IN SCREENING PATIENTS FOR DIALYSIS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN. Universal J Pharm Res. 2019;4(2):14-8.
47. 47. AL-YOUSOFI MAQ. PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AND INFECTION CONTROL IN DIALYSIS UNITS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN: Al-Razi University; 2019.
48. 48. Almezgagi M, Edrees W, Al-Shehari W, Al-Moyed K, Al-Khwlany R, Abbas A. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and associated risk factors among hemodialysis patients in Ibb city-Yemen. PSM Microbiol. 2020;5(2):32-40.
49. 49. Denis F, Aussel L, Ranger S, Martin P, Itoua-N'Gaporo A, Frommel D, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus among patients with leprosy in several African countries and the Yemen. J Med Virol. 1994;43(1):1-4. Epub 1994/05/01. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890430102. PubMed PMID: 7521898.
50. 50. Salem AK. Prevalence of HCV among Yemeni patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at AI-Thawra teaching hospital. Gulf J Oncolog. 2009(5):22-9. Epub 2010/01/21. PubMed PMID: 20084782.
51. 51. Al-Mansoob AS, Salem AK, A-Selwi A, Assamawi A. Risk factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among patients admitted in surgical departments at Al-Thawra Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen. Sudan Medical Journal. 2013;49(3):168-75.
52. 52. Thabet HM, AL-Souraqy AM, Abbas AH, AL-hogary IQ, Anam EN, Noaman NS. The relationship of Hepatitis C and B with diabetes of Yemeni patients. Asian Pac J Health Sci. 2014;1(4):370-6.
53. 53. Al-Hegami MA, Al-Mamari A, Al-Kadasse AS, Al-Gasha’a FA, Al-Hag S, Al-Hegami AA. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among patients with chronic renal failure in Zabeed city, Yemen Republic. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2015;5(03):136.
54. 54. Al Awfi MS, Al-Kamarany MA, Mohsen R, Al Hilali M, Al Khader W, Al Jafari S, et al. Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Chronic Renal Failure Patients Pre–Dialysis Therapy in Hodiedah City, Yemen. Microbiology Research Journal International. 2017:1-6.
55. 55. Al-kadassy AM, Alkadasi MN, Puttauah E, Naji A, Alhwthyf A. PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV AMONG SICKLE CELL DISEASEPATIENTS IN HODEIDAH CITY, YEMEN. J Bio Innov. 2018;1:114-25.
56. 56. Ghanem YA, Al-Rabeei NA. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viral Infection among Patients Attending to the Endoscopic Clinic at Al-Thowrah Hospital in Sana'a City, Yemen. Global Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018;6:1-4.
57. 57. Nagi A. ALHaj SMA-A, Khaldoon S. Abdullah, Abdul Baki, Al-Robasi. Prevalence and rısk factors of hepatıtıs c vırus ınfectıon among lymphoma patıents ın sana'a cıty, Yemen. GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS 2018;7(5).
58. 58. Al-Shaer MY, Bamashmus MA, Al-Akily SA, Al-Akhlee HA. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Hepatitis B and C among people seeking cataract surgery in eye camps in Yemen. Yemeni J Med Health Res. 2019;8:1&2.
59. 59. Bamashmus MA, Abdulrahim AM. Frequency of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency virus in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
60. 60. Singh MN, Lal A, Poddar CK, Ejaz SK. Comparative evaluation of ELISA and rapid screening techniques for the diagnosis of HCV in haemodialysis patients in tertiary care hospital, South Bihar, India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2017;6(93):6683-8.
61. 61. Chaabna K, Cheema S, Abraham A, Alrouh H, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, et al. Systematic overview of hepatitis C infection in the Middle East and North Africa. World journal of gastroenterology. 2018;24(27):3038.
62. 62. Botheju WS, Zghyer F, Mahmud S, Terlikbayeva A, El-Bassel N, Abu-Raddad LJ. The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Central Asia: Systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1-15.
63. 63. Chemaitelly H, Chaabna K, Abu-Raddad LJ. The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in the Fertile Crescent: systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2015;10(8):e0135281.
64. 64. Hassan-Kadle MA, Osman MS, Ogurtsov PP. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Somalia: Systematic review and meta-analysis study. World journal of gastroenterology. 2018;24(34):3927.
65. 65. Kouyoumjian SP, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Egypt: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1-17.
66. 66. Harfouche M, Chemaitelly H, Mahmud S, Chaabna K, Kouyoumjian SP, Al Kanaani Z, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic syntheses, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(15):3243-63. Epub 2017/10/11. doi: 10.1017/s0950268817002242. PubMed PMID: 28988562.
67. 67. Ashkani-Esfahani S, Alavian SM, Salehi-Marzijarani M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in the Middle-East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(1):151-66. Epub 2017/01/21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.151. PubMed PMID: 28104991; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5221279.
68. 68. Jadoul M, Bieber BA, Martin P, Akiba T, Nwankwo C, Arduino JM, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2019;95(4):939-47. Epub 2019/03/25. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.038. PubMed PMID: 30904068.
69. 69. Mohamoud YA, Riome S, Abu-Raddad LJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in the Arabian Gulf countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;46:116-25.