Araştırma Makalesi
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The Impact of the Gig Work Model on Tourism Services

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 52 - 72, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.55931/ahbvtfd.1676018

Öz

In recent years, with digitalization and technological advancements, the gig economy has emerged as an alternative employment model to traditional labor structures. This economic model fosters a flexible labor market by adopting short-term, project-based, and independent working principles. The tourism sector, in particular, has been directly influenced by the advantages offered by the gig economy, leading to a significant transformation in its workforce structure. Through digital platforms, tour guides, transportation providers, accommodation service providers, and experience-based tourism entrepreneurs have embraced the independent work model, reshaping the traditional operational framework of the sector.
This study examines the impact of the gig economy on tourism services within a conceptual framework, evaluating its effects on accommodation, transportation, tour guiding, and experience-based tourism services. The key advantages of the gig economy in the tourism sector include flexibility, cost-effective service provision, personalized tourist experiences, and support for local entrepreneurship. However, challenges such as job insecurity, lack of social benefits, income fluctuations, intense competition, and limited unionization opportunities pose significant disadvantages for gig workers in tourism.
This research evaluates the opportunities and risks faced by gig workers in the tourism sector and provides insights into the future of the gig economy within the industry. The findings suggest that while the integration of the gig economy into the tourism sector enhances labor market flexibility and creates new job opportunities, issues such as job security and regulatory framework deficiencies must be urgently addressed. Therefore, the sustainability and fairness of the gig economy in tourism depend on the development of policies, regulatory mechanisms, and social security models.

Kaynakça

  • Ayrangöl, Z. (2019). Gig ekonomisinde vergileme. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, (368), 135-141.
  • Bakas, F., & Salman, D. (2024). ‘You ensure your own safety’: gender, fear and tourism labour in the gig economy in Turkiye. Gender, Place & Culture, 31 (8), 1072-1094.
  • Berg J. 2016. Income security in the on-demand economy: policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers. Comp. Labor Law Policy J., 37: 543–576.
  • Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. (2018). Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig economy and entrepreneurial activity. Management Science, 64 (12), 5497-5514.
  • Cambridge Dictionary (2022) https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/, (Erişim Tarihi:04.03.2025).
  • Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12 (1), 5-29.
  • Cramer, J., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber. American Economic Review, 106 (5), 177-182.
  • Çalca, S. D. ve Aydın, Ü. (2022). Tarihsel süreç içerisinde çalışma ve gig ekonomisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (ÖZEL SAYI), 337-350.
  • Çiğdem, S. (2019). Endüstri 4.0 ve dijital emek platformlarının insana yakışır iş bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Social Policy Conferences (77), 157-199.
  • Çiğdem, S. ve Koç, İ. (2019). Dijital platform çalışanları ve yeni örgütlenme modelleri. 10. Uluslararası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Kongresi (01-03 Kasım 2019) Bildirileri içerisinde, (s. 767-781). Bandırma.
  • Dazzi, D. (2019). Gig economy in Europe. Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 12 (2), 67-122.
  • De Stefano, V. (2015). The rise of the "just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig economy. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37 (3), 471-504.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the economy and its impact on labour markets (ETUI Working Paper 2016.02). European Trade Union Institute.
  • Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30 (1), 114-132.
  • El Hajal, G., & Rowson, B. (2021). The future of hospitality jobs: The rise of the gig worker. Research in Hospitality Management, 11 (3), 185-190. DOI:10.1080/22243534.2021.2006938
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Çiğdem, S. (2018). Gig ekonomisi ve freelance iş gücünün yükselişi: Freelancer.com üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Sakarya Üniversitesi Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Seçme Yazılar-II, 229-261.
  • Erol, A. (2021). Dijitalleşme çağında işyerinin değişimi: Sebepleri ve sonuçları. İnsan ve İnsan, 8 (30), 97-113.
  • Ert, E., Fleischer, A., & Magen, N. (2016). Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb. Tourism management, 55, 62-73.
  • Farmaki, A. (2022). Women in Airbnb: A neglected perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 25 (19), 3110-3114.
  • Farmaki, A., & Kladou, S. (2020). Why do Airbnb hosts discriminate? Examining the sources and manifestations of discrimination in host practice. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 181-189.
  • Fissel, M. C. (2009). Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. The Journal of Military History, 73 (1), 260-261.
  • Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: Shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2 (2), 171-188.
  • Graham, M., & Woodcock, J. (2019). The gig economy: a critical introduction. Polity, 54.
  • Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18 (12), 1192-1217.
  • Hall, J. V., Horton, J. J., & Knoepfle, D. T. (2017). Labor market equilibration: Evidence from uber (pp. 1-42). Technical report, Working Paper.
  • Healy, J., Nicholson, D., & Pekarek, A. (2017). Should we take the gig economy seriously?. Labour & Industry: A Journal Of The Social And Economic Relations Of Work, 27 (3), 232-248.
  • Horowitz, S. (2011). The freelance surge ıs the ındustrial revolution of our time. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/09/thefreelance-surge-is-the-industrial-revolution-of-our-time/244229/, (Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025).
  • Investopedia. (2022). Gig Economy. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp, (Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025)
  • Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2019). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015. ILR review, 72 (2), 382-416.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32 (3), 61-69.
  • Kuhn, K.M. & Galloway, T.L. (2019). “Expanding perspectives on gig work and gig workers”. Journal Of Managerial Psychology, 34 (4), 186-191. doi: 10.1177/1052562920934150
  • Mody, M., & Gomez, M. (2018). Airbnb and the hotel industry: The past, present, and future of sales, marketing, branding, and revenue management. Boston Hospitality Review, 6 (3).
  • OECD (2019). The Future of Work: OECD Employment Outlook 2019 Highlights. https://doi.org/10.1787/FDB0570B-EN
  • Özbilgin, M. ve Erbil, C. (2021). Post-hümanist inovasyon: Gig ekonomi özelinde moto kuryeli teslimat sektörü örneklemi. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 2 (1), 22-41.
  • Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019). Gig economy platforms: Boon or Bane?. OECD Economic Department Working Papers, (1550), 1-33.
  • Sherk, J. (2016). The rise of the “gig” economy: Good for workers and consumers. The Heritage Foundation, 1-8.
  • Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28 (3), 420- 437.
  • Tilly, C. (2017). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990–1990. In Collective violence, contentious politics, and social change (pp. 140-154). Routledge.
  • Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of marketing research, 54 (5), 687-705.

Turizmde Gig Çalışma Modelinin Turistik Hizmetlere Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 52 - 72, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.55931/ahbvtfd.1676018

Öz

Son yıllarda dijitalleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte gig ekonomisi, geleneksel istihdam modeline alternatif bir çalışma biçimi olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu ekonomi modeli, kısa süreli, proje bazlı ve bağımsız çalışma anlayışını benimseyerek esnek bir iş gücü piyasası oluşturmuştur. Özellikle turizm sektörü, gig ekonomisinin sunduğu avantajlardan doğrudan etkilenmiş ve iş gücü yapısında önemli bir dönüşüm yaşamıştır. Dijital platformlar aracılığıyla turist rehberleri, ulaşım sağlayıcıları, konaklama hizmeti sunan bireyler ve deneyim bazlı turizm girişimcileri bağımsız çalışma modelini benimseyerek sektördeki geleneksel işleyişi değiştirmektedir.
Bu çalışma, gig ekonomisinin turistik hizmetler üzerindeki etkilerini kavramsal bir çerçevede ele alarak konaklama, ulaşım, tur rehberliği ve deneyim odaklı hizmetler bağlamında değerlendirme yapmaktadır. Gig ekonomisinin turizm sektörüne sağladığı en büyük avantajlar arasında esneklik, düşük maliyetli hizmet sunumu, turistlere daha kişiselleştirilmiş deneyimler sağlama ve yerel girişimciliği destekleme gibi unsurlar öne çıkmaktadır. Ancak, gig ekonomisinin yol açtığı iş güvencesizliği, sosyal hak eksikliği, ücret dalgalanmaları, yoğun rekabet ve sendikalaşma olanaklarının sınırlı olması gibi sorunlar da gig çalışanları açısından önemli dezavantajlar yaratmaktadır.
Araştırma kapsamında turizm sektöründeki gig çalışanlarının karşılaştığı fırsatlar ve riskler değerlendirilmiş, gig ekonomisinin turizm sektöründeki geleceği üzerine çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, gig ekonomisinin turizm sektörüne entegrasyonu, iş gücü piyasasında esnekliği artırarak yeni iş fırsatları yaratırken, iş güvencesizliği ve düzenleyici çerçeve eksiklikleri gibi konuların acilen ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, gig ekonomisinin turizmde sürdürülebilir ve adil bir yapıya kavuşması için politikalar, düzenleyici mekanizmalar ve sosyal güvence modellerinin geliştirilmesi gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ayrangöl, Z. (2019). Gig ekonomisinde vergileme. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, (368), 135-141.
  • Bakas, F., & Salman, D. (2024). ‘You ensure your own safety’: gender, fear and tourism labour in the gig economy in Turkiye. Gender, Place & Culture, 31 (8), 1072-1094.
  • Berg J. 2016. Income security in the on-demand economy: policy lessons from a survey of crowdworkers. Comp. Labor Law Policy J., 37: 543–576.
  • Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. (2018). Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig economy and entrepreneurial activity. Management Science, 64 (12), 5497-5514.
  • Cambridge Dictionary (2022) https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/, (Erişim Tarihi:04.03.2025).
  • Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12 (1), 5-29.
  • Cramer, J., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber. American Economic Review, 106 (5), 177-182.
  • Çalca, S. D. ve Aydın, Ü. (2022). Tarihsel süreç içerisinde çalışma ve gig ekonomisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (ÖZEL SAYI), 337-350.
  • Çiğdem, S. (2019). Endüstri 4.0 ve dijital emek platformlarının insana yakışır iş bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Social Policy Conferences (77), 157-199.
  • Çiğdem, S. ve Koç, İ. (2019). Dijital platform çalışanları ve yeni örgütlenme modelleri. 10. Uluslararası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Kongresi (01-03 Kasım 2019) Bildirileri içerisinde, (s. 767-781). Bandırma.
  • Dazzi, D. (2019). Gig economy in Europe. Italian Labour Law e-Journal, 12 (2), 67-122.
  • De Stefano, V. (2015). The rise of the "just-in-time workforce: On-demand work, crowdwork, and labor protection in the gig economy. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37 (3), 471-504.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the economy and its impact on labour markets (ETUI Working Paper 2016.02). European Trade Union Institute.
  • Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30 (1), 114-132.
  • El Hajal, G., & Rowson, B. (2021). The future of hospitality jobs: The rise of the gig worker. Research in Hospitality Management, 11 (3), 185-190. DOI:10.1080/22243534.2021.2006938
  • Erdoğan, E. ve Çiğdem, S. (2018). Gig ekonomisi ve freelance iş gücünün yükselişi: Freelancer.com üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Sakarya Üniversitesi Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Seçme Yazılar-II, 229-261.
  • Erol, A. (2021). Dijitalleşme çağında işyerinin değişimi: Sebepleri ve sonuçları. İnsan ve İnsan, 8 (30), 97-113.
  • Ert, E., Fleischer, A., & Magen, N. (2016). Trust and reputation in the sharing economy: The role of personal photos in Airbnb. Tourism management, 55, 62-73.
  • Farmaki, A. (2022). Women in Airbnb: A neglected perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 25 (19), 3110-3114.
  • Farmaki, A., & Kladou, S. (2020). Why do Airbnb hosts discriminate? Examining the sources and manifestations of discrimination in host practice. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 42, 181-189.
  • Fissel, M. C. (2009). Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. The Journal of Military History, 73 (1), 260-261.
  • Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: Shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2 (2), 171-188.
  • Graham, M., & Woodcock, J. (2019). The gig economy: a critical introduction. Polity, 54.
  • Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18 (12), 1192-1217.
  • Hall, J. V., Horton, J. J., & Knoepfle, D. T. (2017). Labor market equilibration: Evidence from uber (pp. 1-42). Technical report, Working Paper.
  • Healy, J., Nicholson, D., & Pekarek, A. (2017). Should we take the gig economy seriously?. Labour & Industry: A Journal Of The Social And Economic Relations Of Work, 27 (3), 232-248.
  • Horowitz, S. (2011). The freelance surge ıs the ındustrial revolution of our time. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/09/thefreelance-surge-is-the-industrial-revolution-of-our-time/244229/, (Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025).
  • Investopedia. (2022). Gig Economy. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp, (Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025)
  • Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2019). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015. ILR review, 72 (2), 382-416.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32 (3), 61-69.
  • Kuhn, K.M. & Galloway, T.L. (2019). “Expanding perspectives on gig work and gig workers”. Journal Of Managerial Psychology, 34 (4), 186-191. doi: 10.1177/1052562920934150
  • Mody, M., & Gomez, M. (2018). Airbnb and the hotel industry: The past, present, and future of sales, marketing, branding, and revenue management. Boston Hospitality Review, 6 (3).
  • OECD (2019). The Future of Work: OECD Employment Outlook 2019 Highlights. https://doi.org/10.1787/FDB0570B-EN
  • Özbilgin, M. ve Erbil, C. (2021). Post-hümanist inovasyon: Gig ekonomi özelinde moto kuryeli teslimat sektörü örneklemi. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 2 (1), 22-41.
  • Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019). Gig economy platforms: Boon or Bane?. OECD Economic Department Working Papers, (1550), 1-33.
  • Sherk, J. (2016). The rise of the “gig” economy: Good for workers and consumers. The Heritage Foundation, 1-8.
  • Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28 (3), 420- 437.
  • Tilly, C. (2017). Coercion, capital, and European states, AD 990–1990. In Collective violence, contentious politics, and social change (pp. 140-154). Routledge.
  • Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of marketing research, 54 (5), 687-705.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm Ekonomisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Semahat Göker Özyürek 0000-0002-1263-6271

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Göker Özyürek, S. (2025). Turizmde Gig Çalışma Modelinin Turistik Hizmetlere Etkisi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 52-72. https://doi.org/10.55931/ahbvtfd.1676018