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LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 127 - 152, 06.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960

Öz

Enerji sektörü, son yıllarda, piyasaların serbestleşmesi ve piyasa rekabetini kolaylaştırmak için düzenleyici kurumların oluşumu ile belirginleşen önemli değişikliklere uğramıştır. Daha fazla yüksek teknolojiye, daha hızlı değişime ve daha merkezi Ar-Ge'ye sahip sektör, transfer edilecek teknolojiyi kontrol eden yabancı yatırımcılar tarafından yönlendirilme eğilimindedir. Yeni teknolojiye erişimin, gelişmeyi teşvik etmek için ana koşullardan biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Enerji sektöründe teknoloji transferi, sermaye mallarının, uzmanlığın, bilginin transferini ve fikri mülkiyet hakları için lisansların transferini kapsamaktadır. Enerji taknolojileri gelişmekte olan ülkelere başarılı bir şekilde aktarılırsa, gelişmekte olan ülkeler ve dolayısıyla dünya için faydalar sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışma, enerji sektöründe teknoloji transferini teşvik etmek için hükümet politikalarının rolünü ve bu tür önlemlerden hangilerinin başarılı olduğunu ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde teknoloji transferinin önündeki ana engelleri ele almaktadır ve bu engellerin üstesinden gelmek için bazı politika önerileri sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Able T U, “Models of Renewable Energy Technology to Developing Countries”, Elsevier, 9(1), 1996, p. 1104-1107.
  • Baks M J, “Technology Transfer and Developing Countries”, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev., 7(3), 1995, 901-912.
  • Barton H J, “Intellectual Property and Access to Clean Energy Technologies in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic, Biofuel and Wind Technologies”, ICTSD Programme on Trade and Sustainable Energy series Issue Paper, (2), 2007, 1-50.
  • Barton H J, “New Trends in Technology Transfer Implications for National and International Policy” ICTDS Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development Issue Paper, (18), 2007, 1-38.
  • Brandt L / Wang L, “China’s Development of Wind and Solar Power”, in Loren Brandt / Thomas G. Rawski (eds), Policy, Regulation, and Innovation in China’s Electricity and Telecom Industries, (Cambridge University Press 2019), p. 373-418.
  • Bremner C, “Technology Transfer to Developing Countries is an Impossible Dream”, The Guardian, 9 December 2009.
  • ChinaGlobalTrade, “China’s Solar Industry and the U.S. Anti-Dumping/Anti-Subsidy Trade Case”, Hinrich Foundation, 2012.
  • Ellerbeck S, “IEA: More Than A Third of The World's Electricity Will Come from Renewables In 2025”, World Economic Forum, 16 March 2023, <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/electricity-generation-renewables-power-iea/>, Accessed 22 July 2023.
  • Elsan M / YousefiChehreghani M, “Legal Aspects of Technology Transfer Through Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industry”, Petroleum Business Review, (3), 2019, p. 55-65.
  • Fleta-Asín J / Muñoz F, “Renewable Energy Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Countries: Determinants of Private Investment”, Sustainable Development, 29(4), 2021, 653-670.
  • Haug M D, “The International Transfer of Technology: Lessons That East Europe Can Learn from The Failed Third World Experience”, Harvard J. L. & Tech., (5), 1992, 209.
  • Hu G Z A / Jefferson H G, / Jinchang Q, “R&D and Technology Transfer: Firm- Level Evidence From Chinese Industry”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, 87(4), 2005, p.780-786.
  • Ikiara M M, “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), Technology Transfer, and Poverty Alleviation: African’s Hopes and Dilemma” ATPS Special Paper Series, (16), 2003, < https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/special_paper_series_16.pdf >, Accessed 2 February 2023, p.1-35.
  • Indo-Canadian Joint Venture Announces Ground Breaking Investment Fund in Environment, Energy-Efficiency Sectors, Can. NewsWire, Mar. 24, 1994, available in LEXIS, ENVIRN Library, CURNWS File.
  • International Energy Agency, “R&D and Technology Innovation”, World Energy Investment, 2020, <https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2020/rd-and-technology-innovation>, Accessed 10 March 2023.
  • International Energy Agency, Renewables 2021 Analysis and Forecasts to 2026 (IEA, Paris 2021). Kline M D/Vimmerstedt L / Benioff R, “Clean Energy Technology Transfer: A Review of Programs Under the UNFCCC1”, Springer, 9(1), 2003, p.1-35.
  • Knutsson P / Flores I P, “Trends, Investors Types and Drivers of Renewable Energy FDI”, OECD Working Papers on International Investment (2022/02), < https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/trends-investor-types-and-drivers-of-renewable-energy-fdi_4390289d-en >, Accessed 17 March 2023, p.1-21.
  • Kulkarni S S / Wang L / Venetsanos D, “Managing Technology Transfer Challenges in the Renewable Energy Sector within the European Union”, Wind, 2(1), 2022, p.150-174.
  • Maguire G, “Column: China Widens Renewable Energy Supply Lead with Wind Power Push”, Reuters, 1 March 2023. Mahmud F S / Sirin M S, “A Review of Foreign Direct Investments in Turkish Energy Sector”, International Journal of Energy Studies, 3(6), 2018, p.1-16.
  • Maskus E K /Okediji L R, “Intellectual Property Rights and International Technology Transfer to Address Climate Change: Risk, Opportunities and Policy Options” ICTSD Programme on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development Series Issue Paper, (32), 2010, p. 7 < http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ipr%20technology%20transfer.pdf >, Accessed 2 February 2023, p.1-62.
  • Mehta S / Hossain Y, “Photovoltaic Technology Characterization Review”, SEPA Report, 16 September 2010, <https://www.prweb.com/releases/solar-energy/sepa-photovoltaic/prweb4528884.htm>, Accessed: 20 March 2023.
  • Mei D / Weil M/ Prased S / O’Malia K / Behrsin I., ‘A Race to the Top: China’ (2023) Global Energy Monitor, < https://globalenergymonitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GEM-RTTT-China-2023-report-English.pdf > Accessed 19 July 2023, p. 1-23.
  • Moll Eric, Importance of Renewable Resources of Energy, Home Guides SF Gates 2015 <http://homeguides.sfgate.com/importancerenewable-resources-energy-79690.html>, Accessed: 12.01.2023. Namusonge G S, “The Rule of Development Financial Institutions in the Acquisition of Technological Capacities by Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya”, ATPS Working Paper Series, 2004, p.41-49.
  • OECD Environment Directorate and International Energy Agency, “Technology Innovation, Development and Diffusion”, OECD and IEA Information Paper COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT 2003, 4(5), <https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2956490.pdf >, Accessed 2 March 2023, p.1-48.
  • OECD, OECD Fact Book Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics (OECD Publishing, 2015-2016), p. 1-220.
  • Oniemola K P, “Integrating Renewable Energy into Nigeria’s Energy Mix Through the Law: Lesson from Germany”, Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, 2(1), 2011, p.29.
  • Pueyo A / Linares P, “Renewable Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: One Size Does Not Fit All”, Institute of Development Studies IDS Working Paper, 5(412), 2012,<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00412.x >, Accessed 1 March 2023, p.1-37.
  • Pueyo V A, Climate Change Technology Transferred to Developing Countries: Evidence Analysis and Policy Recommendations, Thesis Doctoral, E.T.S. Industriales UPM 2012, p.1-314.
  • Rashidi A N / Chai H Y / Yusup S, “Biomass Energy in Malaysia: Current Scenario, Policies, and Implementation Challenges” BioEnergy Research, (15), 2022, p. 1371-1386.
  • Raymont M, “Timely Boost for Renewables in China”, Journal of Energy& Natural Resources Law, 24(1), 2015, p.120-123.
  • ResearchFDI, 16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment, ResearchFDI Investment Attraction, 11 March 2021, < https://researchfdi.com/resources/articles/foreign-direct-investment-advantages-disadvantages/ >, Accessed 24 March 2023.
  • Sagar D A / Oliver H H / Chikkatur P A, “Climate Change, Energy, and Developing Countries”, Vermont Journal Enviromental Law, (7), 2006, p. 95-117.
  • Sanni M and others, “Climate Change and Intellectual Property Rights in Africa: Environmental Necessity-Economic Opportunity”, African Journal Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 8(5), 2016, p. 1-9. Sastry S/ Sreenu P, “New Energy Sources and its Sustainability” IEEE International Conference on Engineering Education: Innovative Practices and Future Trends, AICERA, 2012, p. 1-15.
  • Shabalala D, ‘Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Development’, in Professor Peter K. Yu (eds), The WIPO Journal: Analysis of Intellectual Property Issues, 8(1), 2016, p. 64-74.
  • Srinivas R K, “Climate Change, Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights” RIS Discussion Papers RIS-DP, V.153, 2009, <https://sdg.ris.org.in/sites/sdg.ris.org.in/files/2021-08/RIS_TFM_DiscussionPapers2009.pdf >, Accessed 1 March 2023.
  • Shrestha M R, “Clean Energy Resources, Utilization, Investments, and Prospects in Asia” in Bambang Susantono / Yongping Zhai / Ram M. Shrestha / Lingshui Mo (eds), Financing Clean Energy in Developing Asia, (Asian Development Bank, 2021), 1, p. 1-372.
  • Tan X/ Zhao Y / Polycarp C / Bai J, “China’s Overseas Investments in the Wind and Solar Industries: Trends and Drivers”, World Resources Institute Working Papers, 2013, < http://pdf.wri.org/chinas_overseas_investments_in_wind_and_solar_trends_and_drivers.pdf >, Accessed 18 March 2023, p. 1-22.
  • The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World TWAS, “Sustainable Energy for Developing Countries”, 2008. The World Bank Public-Private Partnership Legal Resource Center, “Government Objectives: Benefits and Risks of PPPs”, The World Bank, 21 June 2022, < https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/overview/ppp-objectives >, Accessed 19 March 2023.
  • Ueno T, Technology Transfer to China to Address Climate Change Mitigation, U.S. Global Leadership: An Initiative of the Climate Policy Program at RFF, Resources for the Future, 9(9), August 2009, <https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-IB-09-09.pdf>, Accessed 1 March 2023.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: “Transfer of Technology”, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements, UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/28, 2001.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair: “High Level Dialogue on Energy, Theme Report on Energy Transition: Towards the Achievement of SDG 7 and Net-Zero Emissions”, 2021.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Climate Change: “Technology Development and Technology Transfer”, Background Paper, 2008.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: “The Contribution of the Clean Development Mechanism Under the Kyoto Protocol to Technology Transfer”, UNFCCC, 2010, p. 18-22.
  • U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Energy Technology Transfer to China—A Technical Memorandum, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1985.
  • Vutsova A / Ignatova O, “The Role of Public-Private Partnership for Effective Technology Transfer” Applied Technologies & Innovations, 10(3), 2014, p. 83-90.
  • Wilkin G, Technology Transfer for Renewable Energy Overcoming Barriers in Developing Countries, London Earthscan 2002.
  • Zaker A, WTO Law and Trade Policy Reform for Low-Carbon Technology Diffusion Common Concern of Humankind, Carbon Pricing, and Export Credit Support, World Trade Institute Advanced Studies v.5, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 127 - 152, 06.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960

Öz

The energy sector has undergone significant changes in recent decades, marked primarily by the liberalization of markets and the formation of regulatory bodies to facilitate market competition. The sector with greater technological complexity, more rapid changes, and more centralized R&D will tend to be driven more by foreign investors that control technology to be transferred. It is agreed that access to new technologies is a crucial factor in promoting development. Within the energy sector, technology transfer pertains to the transfer of capital goods, expertise, knowledge, and the acquisition of licenses for intellectual property rights. If energy technologies are transferred successfully into developing countries, benefits will accrue for developing countries and thus the world environment. This study considers the role of government policies to promote technology transfer within the energy sector and which of such measures prove to be successful and the leading barriers to transferring technology in developing countries and concludes with several policy recommendations to overcome these barriers.

Kaynakça

  • Able T U, “Models of Renewable Energy Technology to Developing Countries”, Elsevier, 9(1), 1996, p. 1104-1107.
  • Baks M J, “Technology Transfer and Developing Countries”, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev., 7(3), 1995, 901-912.
  • Barton H J, “Intellectual Property and Access to Clean Energy Technologies in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic, Biofuel and Wind Technologies”, ICTSD Programme on Trade and Sustainable Energy series Issue Paper, (2), 2007, 1-50.
  • Barton H J, “New Trends in Technology Transfer Implications for National and International Policy” ICTDS Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development Issue Paper, (18), 2007, 1-38.
  • Brandt L / Wang L, “China’s Development of Wind and Solar Power”, in Loren Brandt / Thomas G. Rawski (eds), Policy, Regulation, and Innovation in China’s Electricity and Telecom Industries, (Cambridge University Press 2019), p. 373-418.
  • Bremner C, “Technology Transfer to Developing Countries is an Impossible Dream”, The Guardian, 9 December 2009.
  • ChinaGlobalTrade, “China’s Solar Industry and the U.S. Anti-Dumping/Anti-Subsidy Trade Case”, Hinrich Foundation, 2012.
  • Ellerbeck S, “IEA: More Than A Third of The World's Electricity Will Come from Renewables In 2025”, World Economic Forum, 16 March 2023, <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/electricity-generation-renewables-power-iea/>, Accessed 22 July 2023.
  • Elsan M / YousefiChehreghani M, “Legal Aspects of Technology Transfer Through Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Industry”, Petroleum Business Review, (3), 2019, p. 55-65.
  • Fleta-Asín J / Muñoz F, “Renewable Energy Public-Private Partnerships in Developing Countries: Determinants of Private Investment”, Sustainable Development, 29(4), 2021, 653-670.
  • Haug M D, “The International Transfer of Technology: Lessons That East Europe Can Learn from The Failed Third World Experience”, Harvard J. L. & Tech., (5), 1992, 209.
  • Hu G Z A / Jefferson H G, / Jinchang Q, “R&D and Technology Transfer: Firm- Level Evidence From Chinese Industry”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, 87(4), 2005, p.780-786.
  • Ikiara M M, “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), Technology Transfer, and Poverty Alleviation: African’s Hopes and Dilemma” ATPS Special Paper Series, (16), 2003, < https://atpsnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/special_paper_series_16.pdf >, Accessed 2 February 2023, p.1-35.
  • Indo-Canadian Joint Venture Announces Ground Breaking Investment Fund in Environment, Energy-Efficiency Sectors, Can. NewsWire, Mar. 24, 1994, available in LEXIS, ENVIRN Library, CURNWS File.
  • International Energy Agency, “R&D and Technology Innovation”, World Energy Investment, 2020, <https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2020/rd-and-technology-innovation>, Accessed 10 March 2023.
  • International Energy Agency, Renewables 2021 Analysis and Forecasts to 2026 (IEA, Paris 2021). Kline M D/Vimmerstedt L / Benioff R, “Clean Energy Technology Transfer: A Review of Programs Under the UNFCCC1”, Springer, 9(1), 2003, p.1-35.
  • Knutsson P / Flores I P, “Trends, Investors Types and Drivers of Renewable Energy FDI”, OECD Working Papers on International Investment (2022/02), < https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/trends-investor-types-and-drivers-of-renewable-energy-fdi_4390289d-en >, Accessed 17 March 2023, p.1-21.
  • Kulkarni S S / Wang L / Venetsanos D, “Managing Technology Transfer Challenges in the Renewable Energy Sector within the European Union”, Wind, 2(1), 2022, p.150-174.
  • Maguire G, “Column: China Widens Renewable Energy Supply Lead with Wind Power Push”, Reuters, 1 March 2023. Mahmud F S / Sirin M S, “A Review of Foreign Direct Investments in Turkish Energy Sector”, International Journal of Energy Studies, 3(6), 2018, p.1-16.
  • Maskus E K /Okediji L R, “Intellectual Property Rights and International Technology Transfer to Address Climate Change: Risk, Opportunities and Policy Options” ICTSD Programme on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development Series Issue Paper, (32), 2010, p. 7 < http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ipr%20technology%20transfer.pdf >, Accessed 2 February 2023, p.1-62.
  • Mehta S / Hossain Y, “Photovoltaic Technology Characterization Review”, SEPA Report, 16 September 2010, <https://www.prweb.com/releases/solar-energy/sepa-photovoltaic/prweb4528884.htm>, Accessed: 20 March 2023.
  • Mei D / Weil M/ Prased S / O’Malia K / Behrsin I., ‘A Race to the Top: China’ (2023) Global Energy Monitor, < https://globalenergymonitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GEM-RTTT-China-2023-report-English.pdf > Accessed 19 July 2023, p. 1-23.
  • Moll Eric, Importance of Renewable Resources of Energy, Home Guides SF Gates 2015 <http://homeguides.sfgate.com/importancerenewable-resources-energy-79690.html>, Accessed: 12.01.2023. Namusonge G S, “The Rule of Development Financial Institutions in the Acquisition of Technological Capacities by Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya”, ATPS Working Paper Series, 2004, p.41-49.
  • OECD Environment Directorate and International Energy Agency, “Technology Innovation, Development and Diffusion”, OECD and IEA Information Paper COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT 2003, 4(5), <https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2956490.pdf >, Accessed 2 March 2023, p.1-48.
  • OECD, OECD Fact Book Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics (OECD Publishing, 2015-2016), p. 1-220.
  • Oniemola K P, “Integrating Renewable Energy into Nigeria’s Energy Mix Through the Law: Lesson from Germany”, Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, 2(1), 2011, p.29.
  • Pueyo A / Linares P, “Renewable Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: One Size Does Not Fit All”, Institute of Development Studies IDS Working Paper, 5(412), 2012,<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00412.x >, Accessed 1 March 2023, p.1-37.
  • Pueyo V A, Climate Change Technology Transferred to Developing Countries: Evidence Analysis and Policy Recommendations, Thesis Doctoral, E.T.S. Industriales UPM 2012, p.1-314.
  • Rashidi A N / Chai H Y / Yusup S, “Biomass Energy in Malaysia: Current Scenario, Policies, and Implementation Challenges” BioEnergy Research, (15), 2022, p. 1371-1386.
  • Raymont M, “Timely Boost for Renewables in China”, Journal of Energy& Natural Resources Law, 24(1), 2015, p.120-123.
  • ResearchFDI, 16 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment, ResearchFDI Investment Attraction, 11 March 2021, < https://researchfdi.com/resources/articles/foreign-direct-investment-advantages-disadvantages/ >, Accessed 24 March 2023.
  • Sagar D A / Oliver H H / Chikkatur P A, “Climate Change, Energy, and Developing Countries”, Vermont Journal Enviromental Law, (7), 2006, p. 95-117.
  • Sanni M and others, “Climate Change and Intellectual Property Rights in Africa: Environmental Necessity-Economic Opportunity”, African Journal Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 8(5), 2016, p. 1-9. Sastry S/ Sreenu P, “New Energy Sources and its Sustainability” IEEE International Conference on Engineering Education: Innovative Practices and Future Trends, AICERA, 2012, p. 1-15.
  • Shabalala D, ‘Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Development’, in Professor Peter K. Yu (eds), The WIPO Journal: Analysis of Intellectual Property Issues, 8(1), 2016, p. 64-74.
  • Srinivas R K, “Climate Change, Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights” RIS Discussion Papers RIS-DP, V.153, 2009, <https://sdg.ris.org.in/sites/sdg.ris.org.in/files/2021-08/RIS_TFM_DiscussionPapers2009.pdf >, Accessed 1 March 2023.
  • Shrestha M R, “Clean Energy Resources, Utilization, Investments, and Prospects in Asia” in Bambang Susantono / Yongping Zhai / Ram M. Shrestha / Lingshui Mo (eds), Financing Clean Energy in Developing Asia, (Asian Development Bank, 2021), 1, p. 1-372.
  • Tan X/ Zhao Y / Polycarp C / Bai J, “China’s Overseas Investments in the Wind and Solar Industries: Trends and Drivers”, World Resources Institute Working Papers, 2013, < http://pdf.wri.org/chinas_overseas_investments_in_wind_and_solar_trends_and_drivers.pdf >, Accessed 18 March 2023, p. 1-22.
  • The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World TWAS, “Sustainable Energy for Developing Countries”, 2008. The World Bank Public-Private Partnership Legal Resource Center, “Government Objectives: Benefits and Risks of PPPs”, The World Bank, 21 June 2022, < https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/overview/ppp-objectives >, Accessed 19 March 2023.
  • Ueno T, Technology Transfer to China to Address Climate Change Mitigation, U.S. Global Leadership: An Initiative of the Climate Policy Program at RFF, Resources for the Future, 9(9), August 2009, <https://media.rff.org/documents/RFF-IB-09-09.pdf>, Accessed 1 March 2023.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: “Transfer of Technology”, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements, UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/28, 2001.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair: “High Level Dialogue on Energy, Theme Report on Energy Transition: Towards the Achievement of SDG 7 and Net-Zero Emissions”, 2021.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Climate Change: “Technology Development and Technology Transfer”, Background Paper, 2008.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: “The Contribution of the Clean Development Mechanism Under the Kyoto Protocol to Technology Transfer”, UNFCCC, 2010, p. 18-22.
  • U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Energy Technology Transfer to China—A Technical Memorandum, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1985.
  • Vutsova A / Ignatova O, “The Role of Public-Private Partnership for Effective Technology Transfer” Applied Technologies & Innovations, 10(3), 2014, p. 83-90.
  • Wilkin G, Technology Transfer for Renewable Energy Overcoming Barriers in Developing Countries, London Earthscan 2002.
  • Zaker A, WTO Law and Trade Policy Reform for Low-Carbon Technology Diffusion Common Concern of Humankind, Carbon Pricing, and Export Credit Support, World Trade Institute Advanced Studies v.5, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm ÖZEL HUKUK
Yazarlar

Ayşe Tuğba Özkarslıgil 0000-0003-2897-6534

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkarslıgil, A. T. (2024). LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 127-152. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960
AMA Özkarslıgil AT. LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. AHBVÜ-HFD. Şubat 2024;28(1):127-152. doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960
Chicago Özkarslıgil, Ayşe Tuğba. “LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28, sy. 1 (Şubat 2024): 127-52. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960.
EndNote Özkarslıgil AT (01 Şubat 2024) LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28 1 127–152.
IEEE A. T. Özkarslıgil, “LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR”, AHBVÜ-HFD, c. 28, sy. 1, ss. 127–152, 2024, doi: 10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960.
ISNAD Özkarslıgil, Ayşe Tuğba. “LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28/1 (Şubat 2024), 127-152. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960.
JAMA Özkarslıgil AT. LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. AHBVÜ-HFD. 2024;28:127–152.
MLA Özkarslıgil, Ayşe Tuğba. “LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 28, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 127-52, doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1341960.
Vancouver Özkarslıgil AT. LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE ENERGY SECTOR. AHBVÜ-HFD. 2024;28(1):127-52.