Geri Göndermeme İlkesinin Ülke Dışı Uygulanması Sorunu: Denizlerdeki Sığınmacılara Yönelik Devlet Müdahaleleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 1409 - 1454, 29.07.2025

Mehmet Arif Türkdoğan , Hasan Duran

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1627791

Öz

Geri göndermeme ilkesi, uluslararası hukukun mülteci ve sığınmacıların korunmasına yönelik düzenlemelerinin merkezinde yer alan en temel güvencelerden birisidir. Ancak, özellikle son otuz yılda artan küresel göç baskısıyla birlikte devletlerin göç ve iltica politikalarını giderek sertleştirmeye başlaması, geri göndermeme ilkesinin mülteci ve sığınmacılara sağlamış olduğu hukuki güvence ile devletlerin göç kontrolü üzerinde mutlak egemen olma istekleri arasındaki çatışmayı şiddetlendirmektedir. Önemli göç baskılarıyla karşılaşan devletler, göç yönetimindeki egemenliklerini kısıtlayan geri göndermeme ilkesinin getirdiği yükümlülüklerden kaçınmak için önleyici tedbirlerini giderek artan bir şekilde ülke dışı deniz bölgelerine kaydırmaktadırlar. Bu makale, dünyanın en işlek deniz göç rotaları üzerinde yer alan devletlerin politikalarını ve bu politikaları ele alan yargı kararlarını analiz ederek geri göndermeme ilkesinin ülke dışında uygulanabilirliğini incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin (AİHM) içtihadı, geri göndermeme ilkesinin uygulanabilirliğine ilişkin yargı yetkisini ülkesel sınırların ötesine taşıdığı için özel bir önem taşımaktadır. AİHM’in bu yaklaşımı, her ikisi de geri göndermeme ilkesinin ülke sınırları dışında uygulanabilirliğini reddeden ve bu tutumları yargı kararlarıyla desteklenen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avustralya'nın politikalarıyla tezat oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu makale, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avustralya'nın sınır ötesi deniz alanlarına “doğrudan” müdahalelerinin uluslararası hukuka uygunluğunu ve Avrupa Birliği üyesi devletlerin AİHM içtihadını aşmaya çalışan “dolaylı” müdahalelerini incelemektedir. Makale ayrıca, bu gelişmelerin, mülteci korumasının temel taşlarından biri olan ve uygulamada giderek zayıflayan geri göndermeme ilkesinin geleceği üzerindeki etkilerini de değerlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geri göndermeme ilkesi , Mülteci hukuku , Uluslararası hukuk , Denizlerde göç kontrolü , Ülke dışı yargı yetkisi

The Issue of Non-refoulement Principle's Extraterritorial Application: An Evaluation Based on State Interventions toward Asylum-seekers at Sea

Öz

The principle of non-refoulement is one of the most fundamental guarantees at the heart of international law provisions for the protection of refugees and asylum-seekers. However, growing global migratory pressures, particularly over the last three decades, and the increasing tightening of migration and asylum policies by states have exacerbated the conflict between the legal guarantee that the principle of non-refoulement provides to refugees and asylum-seekers and the desire of states to have absolute sovereignty over migration control. Faced with significant migratory pressures, states are increasingly shifting their preventive measures to extraterritorial maritime zones in order to avoid the obligations imposed by the principle of non-refoulement, which limits their sovereignty in migration management. This article examines the extraterritorial applicability of the principle of non-refoulement by analysing the policies of states located on the world's busiest maritime migration routes and the judicial decisions addressing these policies. In this context, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is of particular importance, as it extends the jurisprudence on the applicability of the principle of non-refoulement beyond national borders. This approach of the ECtHR contrasts with the policies of the United States and Australia, both of which reject the extraterritorial applicability of the principle of non-refoulement and whose positions are supported by judicial decisions. Accordingly, this article analyses the conformity with international law of the 'direct' interventions by the United States and Australia in their extraterritorial maritime zones, and the 'indirect' interventions by European Union Member States that seek to circumvent the case-law of the ECtHR. The article also assesses the implications of these developments for the future of the principle of non-refoulement, a cornerstone of refugee protection that is increasingly being weakened in practice.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Principle of non-refoulement , Refugee law , International law , Migration controls at seas , Extraterritorial jurisdiction

Kaynakça

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