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Restructuring Space Law Around The International Space Station (ISS)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 1241 - 1308, 29.07.2025

Ali Bal

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660

Öz

The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most important initiatives for the exploration and use of outer space. It was established and is operated by leading spacefaring nations, that have mobilized their resources and capabilities, providing high-quality elements and services based on long-term and comprehensive cooperation. The ISS stands out not only for its unique and continuously evolving technical, structural, operational and functional features but also for its legal aspects. The legal regime of the ISS has a multi-layered structure that comprises a series of regulations of different types. The regulations, which are closely interconnected, lay down applicable rules in matters such as design, development, funding, registration, jurisdiction, management, operation, utilization rights, criminal jurisdiction, intellectual property and liability, while also providing the necessary safeguards. Although this system has worked almost flawlessly thus far, it also has shortcomings and controversial issues. In this article, the sophisticated legal regime of the ISS is examined in detail within the framework of relevant legal sources, norms, and principles, while also considering practical issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International Space Station Space law Jurisdiction Utilization Liability

Kaynakça

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Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 1241 - 1308, 29.07.2025

Ali Bal

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660

Öz

Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS), uzayın keşfi ve kullanımına yönelik girişimlerin en önemlilerindendir; uzay faaliyetleri yürütme kabiliyeti bulunan başlıca devletlerin uzun süreli ve kapsamlı işbirliği temelinde kaynak ve olanaklarını seferber edip nitelikli unsurlar ve hizmetler sağlamalarıyla kurulup etkinleştirilmiştir. ISS, eşsiz ve sürekli geliştirilen teknik, yapısal, operasyonel, işlevsel özellikleri yanında hukukî yönleriyle de öne çıkmaktadır. ISS’nin hukukî rejimi farklı nitelikte bir dizi düzenlemeyi içeren çok katmanlı bir yapıya sahiptir. Birbirleriyle sıkı bir şekilde bağlantılı olan düzenlemeler, tasarım, geliştirme, finansman, tescil, yetki, yönetim, işletim, kullanım hakları, cezaî yetkiler, fikrî mülkiyet, sorumluluk gibi hususlarda uygulanabilir kuralları tespit edip, gerekli güvenceleri sağlamaktadır. Bugüne değin neredeyse sorunsuz işlemekle birlikte bu sistemin de noksanlıkları ve tartışmalı noktaları vardır. Bu makalede ISS’nin sofistike hukukî rejimi ilgili kaynaklar, normlar, ilkeler etrafında, uygulamadaki meseleler dikkate alınarak, ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu Uzay hukuku Yetki Kullanım Sorumluluk

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  • Robinson, George S., “Astronauts and a Unique Jurisprudence: A Treaty for Spacekind”, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 1984, Vol. 7, s. 483-499.
  • Roos, T. A. de, “Disciplinary and Criminal Law in Space”, The International Space Station: Commercial Utilisation from a European Legal Perspective, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, s. 115-123 (Editors: Dunk, F. G. von der/Brus, M. M. T. A.).
  • Rosmalen, S., “The International Space Station Past, Present and Future: An Overview”, The International Space Station: Commercial Utilisation from a European Legal Perspective, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, s. 9-14 (Editors: Dunk, F. G. von der/Brus, M. M. T. A.).
  • Sadeh, Eligar, “Technical, Organizational and Political Dynamics of the International Space Station Program”, Space Policy, 2004, Vol. 20, s. 171-188.
  • Schermers, Henry G./Blokker, Niels M., International Institutional Law, 5th Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011.
  • Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard, “Article 1 (of the Registration Convention)”, Cologne Commentary on Space Law, C. II: Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2020, s. 634-645 (Editors: Hobe, Stephan/Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe).
  • Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Mick, Stephan, “Article 8 (of the Outer Space Treaty)”, Cologne Commentary on Space Law, Vol. I: Outer Space Treaty, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2017, s. 491-550 (Editors: Hobe, Stephan/Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe).
  • Sgobba, Tommaso, “Toward an International Space Station Safety Authority”, Space Safety Regulations and Standards, Elsevier, 2010, s. 275-288 (Editors: Pelton, Joseph N./Jakhu, Ram S.).
  • Sharpe, Carla/Tronchetti, Fabio, “Legal Aspects of Public Manned Spaceflight and Space Station Operations”, Handbook of Space Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, s. 618-661 (Editors: Dunk, Frans von der/Tronchetti, Fabio).
  • Siget, Matej, “LEO Commercialization: Commercial Space Stations and Their Economic Viability”, Proceedings for the Second Symposium on Space Economy, Space Law and Space Sciences (28-29.05.2022), Istanbul University Press, 2023, s. 13-23 (Editors: Bayraktar, Yüksel/Aliş, Sinan/Akün, Verda Neslihan).
  • Sinha, Hans P., “Criminal Jurisdiction on the International Space Station”, Journal of Space Law, 2004, Vol. 30, s. 85-127.
  • Smith, Delbert D., Space Stations: International Law and Policy, Westview Press, 1979.
  • Smith, Lesley Jane/Kerrest, Armel, “Article 1 (of the Liability Convention)”, Cologne Commentary on Space Law, C. II: Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2020, s. 338-362 (Editors: Hobe, Stephan/Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe). (2020/a).
  • Smith, Lesley Jane/Kerrest, Armel, “Article 2 (of the Liability Convention)”, Cologne Commentary on Space Law, C. II: Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2020, s. 363-399 (Editors: Hobe, Stephan/Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard/Schrogl, Kai-Uwe). (2020/b).
  • Smith, Lesley Jane/Leishman, Ruairidh J. M./Thompson, Alan, “Legislating for Spaceports, Commercial Space Markets, and Space Tourism”, Routledge Handbook of Commercial Space Law, Routledge, 2024, s. 361-382 (Editors: Smith, Lesley Jane/Baumann, Ingo/Wintermuth, Susan-Gale).
  • Smith, Marcia S., “Space Stations”, CRS Issue Brief 93017, 2005.
  • Spradling, Kevin K., Military Use of the International Space Station, Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, 1988.
  • Stewart, David C. “Resolution of Legal Issues Confronting the International Space Station Project: A Step Forward in the Development of Space Law”, Virginia Journal of International Law, 1989, Vol. 29, s. 745-761.
  • Stockman, Bill/Boyle, Joe/Bacon, John, International Space Station Systems Engineering Case Study, Air Force Institute of Technology Documents, 2010.
  • Sun, Rong-En, “Legal Issues of Space Colonization”, ZLW, 2017, Vol. 77, s. 476-490.
  • Sundahl, Mark J., “Legal Status of Spacecraft”, Routledge Handbook of Space Law, Routledge, 2017, s. 42-58 (Editors: Jakhu, Ram S./Dempsey, Paul Stephen). (2017).
  • Sundahl, Mark J., “The Duty to Rescue Space Tourists and Return Private Spacecraft”, Journal of Space Law, 2009, Vol. 35, s. 163-200. (2009).
  • Sur, Melda, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, 17. Baskı, Beta, İstanbul 2024.
  • Tarhanlı, Turgut, Uydular Aracılığıyla Yer Doğal Kaynaklarının Uzaktan Algılanması ve Uluslararası Hukuk, (İstanbul) Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, İstanbul 1991.
  • Thiebaut, W. M., “Legal Status of Memoranda of Understanding in the United States”, ESA Bulletin, 1984, No. 38, s. 99-104.
  • Trimarchi, Andrea, “International Space Station: A Focus on Intellectual Property Rights: Main Empahsis on the ESA Perspective”, ZLW, 2016, Vol. 65, s. 533-550.
  • Tronchetti, Fabio, “Legal Aspects of the Military Uses of Outer Space”, Handbook of Space Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, s. 331-381 (Editors: Dunk, Frans von der/Tronchetti, Fabio).
  • U.S. Congress - Office of Technology Assessment, Civilian Space Stations and the U.S. Future in Space, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984, (1984).
  • U.S. Congress - Office of Technology Assessment, Space Stations and the Law: Selected Legal Issues - Background Paper, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, (1986).
  • U.S. Congress - Office of Technology Assessment, U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Space, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995, (1995).
  • UN Doc. A/AC.105/1003: Report of the Legal Subcommittee on Its Fifty-first Session, Held in Vienna from 19 to 30 March 2012, 10.04.2012.
  • UN Doc. A/AC.105/C.2/112: Report of the Working Group on the Review of International Mechanisms for Cooperation in the Peaceful Exploration and Use of Outer Space on the Work Conducted under Its Multi Year Workplan, 13.04.2017.
  • UN Doc. A/RES/62/101: Recommendations on Enhancing the Practice of States and International Intergovernmental Organizations in Registering Space Objects, 10.01.2008.
  • UN Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty Handbook, Revised Edition, United Nations Publication, 2013.
  • UNOOSA, “The Legal Framework for the International Space Station”, 2013. (https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/lsc2013/tech-05E.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2025).
  • Veldhuyzen, R. P./Masson-Zwaan, T. L., “ESA Policy and Impending Legal Framework for Commercial Utilisation of the European Columbus Laboratory Module of the ISS”, The International Space Station: Commercial Utilisation from a European Legal Perspective, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006, s. 47-62 (Editors: Dunk, F. G. von der/Brus, M. M. T. A.).
  • Veldhuyzen, R./Grifoni, E., “No Exchange of Funds: The ESA Barter Agreements for the International Space Station”, ESA Bulletin, 1999, No. 99, s. 41-44.
  • Vereshchetin, Vladlen S., “Astronauts”, MPEPIL, Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Voronina, Anastasia, The How’s and Why’s of International Cooperation in Outer Space: International Legal Forms of Cooperation of States In Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research in Space, Cyber, and Telecommunications Law, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2016.
  • Watson, Andrew D./Schmidt, William G., “Legal Issues Surrounding the International Space Station”, United States Air Force Academy Journal of Legal Studies, 1996-1997, Vol. 7, s. 159-175.
  • Yakovenko, A., “The Intergovernmental Agreement on the International Space Station”, Space Policy, 1999, Vol. 15, s. 79-86.
  • Young, Andrew J., B, Law and Policy in the Space Stations’ Era, Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, 1987.
  • Zelnio, Ryan, “A Model for the International Development of the Moon,” The Space Review, 2005. (https://www.thespacereview.com/article/510/1, Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2025).
  • Zhao, Yun, “Law related to Intellectual Property and Transfer of Technology”, Routledge Handbook of Space Law, Routledge, 2017, s. 321-332 (Editors: Jakhu, Ram S./Dempsey, Paul Stephen).
  • Zhukov, Gennady P., “Registration and Jurisdiction Aspects of the International Space Station”, Proceedings of the 42nd Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, IISL, 1999, s. 75-79. (https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/) (https://csps.aerospace.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/) (https://spacenews.com/) (https://treaties.un.org/) (https://www.ecfr.gov/) (https://www.esa.int/) (https://www.faa.gov/) (https://www.issnationallab.org/) (https://www.nasa.gov/) (https://www.reuters.com/) (https://www.space.com/) (https://www.spacex.com/) (https://www.state.gov/) (https://www.unoosa.org/) (https://www.wipo.int/)
Toplam 159 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm KAMU HUKUKU
Yazarlar

Ali Bal 0000-0002-0543-0136

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bal, A. (2025). Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(3), 1241-1308. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660
AMA Bal A. Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması. HBV-HFD. Temmuz 2025;29(3):1241-1308. doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660
Chicago Bal, Ali. “Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 29, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2025): 1241-1308. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660.
EndNote Bal A (01 Temmuz 2025) Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 29 3 1241–1308.
IEEE A. Bal, “Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması”, HBV-HFD, c. 29, sy. 3, ss. 1241–1308, 2025, doi: 10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660.
ISNAD Bal, Ali. “Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 29/3 (Temmuz2025), 1241-1308. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660.
JAMA Bal A. Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması. HBV-HFD. 2025;29:1241–1308.
MLA Bal, Ali. “Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 1241-08, doi:10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1679660.
Vancouver Bal A. Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu (ISS) Etrafında Uzay Hukukunun Yeniden Yapılandırılması. HBV-HFD. 2025;29(3):1241-308.