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Teoride ve Pratikte Yeni Şehircilik Akımı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 271 - 310, 08.05.2020

Öz

Çalışma, 1990’lı yılların başında ABD’de ortaya çıkan bir planlama ve tasarım hareketi olan Yeni Şehircilik Akımı’na ilişkin genel bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda tarih boyunca kentsel tasarım ve planlamada yaşanan gelişmelerden hareketle Yeni Şehircilik Akımı’nın ortaya çıkışı, teorik dayanakları, özellikleri, ilkeleri, uygulama alanları ile düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Akım’ın ortaya çıktığı ülke olan ABD’de uygulanan projelerden, Akım’ın uygulanma düzeylerine göre örnekler seçilerek teorik anlamdaki verilerle uygulama çıktıları değerlendirilmiştir. Akım’ın büyük oranda yeni yerleşim alanları tasarladıkları ve bu alanlarda yapılan fiziksel düzenlemelerle çevresel, ekonomik ve toplumsal sorunları bir bütün olarak azaltmaya yönelik hareket ettikleri görülmüştür. İlave olarak farklı ekonomik düzeye ve demografik özelliklere sahip kişilere yönelik, karma kullanımlı yerleşim alanları vurgusuna karşın üst gelir grubuna hitap eden elitist bir proje olduğu; karma kullanımın ise kısmi bir biçimde hayata geçirilebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak Akım’ın, süreç içerisinde geliştirilebilir ve farklı alanlara ve düzeylere uyarlanabilir bir şehircilik anlayışı getirdiğinin de altını çizmek gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeni Şehircilik Akımı, Yeni Geleneksel Planlama, Yeni Kentsel Çevre.

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 271 - 310, 08.05.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, C., Ishikana, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobsen, M., Fiksdahl-King, I., ve Angel, S. (1977). A Pattern Language, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Andreescu, V. ve Besel, K. (2013). Introduction. Karl Besel ve Viviana Andreescu (Ed.), Back To The Future New Urbanism and the Rise of Neotraditionalism in Urban Planning (ss. xiii-xvi). USA: University Press of America.
  • Andreescu, V. ve Besel, K. (2013). Lewis Mumford and Jane Jacobs as Precursors of New Urbanism: Residents’ Reaction to Different Urban Visions. Karl Besel ve Viviana Andreescu (Ed.), Back To The Future New Urbanism and the Rise of Neotraditionalism in Urban Planning (ss. 15-28). USA: University Press of America.
  • Arendt, R. (1999). Three. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 29-34). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Arlı, A. (2018). Takdim. Robert E. Park ve Ernest W. Burgess, Şehir Kent Ortamındaki İnsan Davranışlarının Araştırılması Üzerine Öneriler, (Pınar Karababa Kayalıgil, Çev.). Ankara: Heretik Yay.
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  • Bookchin, M. (1999). Kentsiz Kentleşme Yurttaşlığın Yükselişi ve Çöküşü (Burak Özyalçın, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
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  • Jacobs, J. (2017). Büyük Amerikan Şehirlerinin Ölümü ve Yaşamı, (Bülent Doğan, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis yayıncılık.
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  • Janowitz, M. (2018). Giriş. Robert E. Park ve Ernest W. Burgess, Şehir Kent Ortamındaki İnsan Davranışlarının Araştırılması Üzerine Öneriler, (Pınar Karababa Kayalıgil, Çev.). Ankara: Heretik Yay.
  • Jarvis, H., Kantor, P., Cloke, J. (2012). Kent Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet, (Yıldız Temurtürkan, Çev.). Ankara: Dipnot yayınları.
  • Jencks, C. ve Kropf, K. (1997). Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Katz, P. (1994). Introduction. Peter Katz (Ed.), The New Urbanism; Toward an Architecture of Community (ss. ix-x). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Katz, P. (1994). The New Urbanism, Toward an Architecture of Community, New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Keith, T. ve del Rio, V. (2004). New Urbanism, Automobile Dependency and Sense of Community: A Comparative Study of Two Residential Developments in California, Focus, 1(1), 54-60.
  • Kelbaugh, D. (1999). Twenty four. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 155-160). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Kelbough, D. (2000). Three Paradigms: New Urbanism, Everyday Urbanism, Post urbanism-an Excerpt from the Essential Common Place, Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 20(4), 285-289.
  • Kelbough, D. (2001). Three Urbanisms and the Public Realm, 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium Atlanta.14.2
  • Köseoğlu, E. (2009). Kent Mekânı ve İnsan Faktörü, Yapı 335, 56-59.
  • Krier, R. (1979). Urban Space, (Christine Czechowski and George Black, Trans.). London: Academy Editions.
  • Kulash, W. (1999). Twelve. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 83-88). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Landecker, H. (1996). Is New Urbanism Good for America? Architecture, 84(4), 68-70.
  • Lehrer, U. A., ve Milgrom, R. (1996). New (sub)Urbanism: Countersprawl or Repackaging the Product, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 7(2), 49-64.
  • Lennertz, B. (1999). Seventeen. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 109-112). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Lieberman, W. (1999). Fifteen. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 101-104). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Lynch, K. (1981). Good City Form. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Maeng, D. ve Nedovic-Budic, Z. (2008). Urban Form and Planning in the Information Age: Lessons from Literature, Spatium, International Review, No. 17-18, Belgrade.
  • Marcuse, P. (2000). The New Urbanism: The dangers so far, disP – The Planning Review, 36(140), 4-6.
  • McKenzie, R. D. (2018). İnsan Topluluklarının Çalışılmasında Ekolojik Yaklaşım. Robert E. Park ve Ernest W. Burgess, Şehir Kent Ortamındaki İnsan Davranışlarının Araştırılması Üzerine Öneriler, (Pınar Karababa Kayalıgil, Çev.).
  • Meenakshi, A. (2011). Neighborhood Unit and its Conceptualization in the Contemporary Urban Context, Institute of Town Planners India Journal, 8(3), 81-87.
  • Morris, W. (1999). Five. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 43-48). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Moule, E. (1999). Sixteen. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 105-108). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Moule, E. ve Polyzoides, S. (1994). The Street, The Block and The Building. Peter Katz (Ed.), The New Urbanism; Toward an Architecture of Community (ss. xxi-xxiv). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • MSGSÜ (2017). Kentsel Mekânsal Standartların Geliştirilmesi, T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı ve Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi.
  • Mumford, L. (2007). Tarih Boyunca Kent -Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Dönüşümler ve Geleceği, (Gürol koca ve Tamer Tosun, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Norquist, J. O. (1999). Fourteen. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 97-100). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Orfield, M. (1999). Nine. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 65-69). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Park, R. E. ve Burgess, E. W. (2018). Şehir Kent Ortamındaki İnsan Davranışlarının Araştırılması Üzerine Öneriler, (Pınar Karababa Kayalıgil, Çev. ). Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
  • Pavlovich Howard, Z. (2005). New Urbanism: A New Approach to the Way American Builds, Paisagem Ambiente: Ensaios, 20, 27- 46.
  • Peponis J. (1989). Space, Culture and Urban Design in Late Modernism and After, Ekistics-the Problems and Science of Human Settlements, 56, 93-108.
  • Perry, C. A. (2016). The Neighborhood Unit From the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs (1929). Richard T. LeGates ve Frederic Stout (Ed.), The City Reader (ss. 563-575). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Peterson, J. A. (1979). The Impact of Sanitary Reform Upon American Urban Planning, 1840-1890, Journal of Social History, 13(1), 83-103.
  • Plater-Zyberk, E. (1999). Eleven. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 79-82). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Polyzoides, S. (1999). Twenty. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 127-132). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Poticha, S. (1999). Foreword. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 105-108). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Rahnama, M. R., Roshani, P., Hassani, A., ve Hossienpour, S. A. (2012). Use Principles of New Urbanism Approach in Designing Sustainable Urban Spaces, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2(7), 195-203.
  • Rees, A. (2003). New Urbanism: Visionary Landscapes İn The Twenty-First Century Suburban Sprawl Culture, Theory, And Politics. Matthew J.Lindstrom ve Hugh Bartling (Ed.), Suburban Sprawl Culture, Theory and Politics (ss. 93-114). USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Retana, A., Pena, C. ve Ortega, L.M. (2014). Critiques, Replicas and Proposals for the New Urbanism Vision, Arhitectură. Construcţii, 5(1), 3-19.
  • Richmond, H. R. (1999). Seven. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 53-58). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Rudlin, D. ve URBED (1998). Friends of the Earth, Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Urban Reform, London.
  • Ryan, S. ve McNally, M. G. (1995). Accessibility of Neotraditional Neighborhoods: A Review of Design Concepts, Policies, and Recent Literature, Transpn. Res.-A, 29A(2), 87-105.
  • Rybczynski, W. (1995). This Old House: The Rise of Family Values Architecture, New Republic, May, 14-16.
  • Sander, T. H. (2002). Social Capital and New Urbanism: Leading A Civic Horse To Water, National Civic Review, 91(3), 213-234.
  • Schimmenti, M. M. (1999). Twenty six. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 169-172). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Southworth, M. (2003). New Urbanism and the American Metropolis, Built Environment (1978-), 29(3), 210-226.
  • Squires, G. D. (2002). Urban Sprawl and The Uneven Development of Metropolitan America, Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, And Policy Responses. Washington: The Urban Institute Press.
  • Steuteville, R. (2000). The New Urbanism: An Alternative to Modern, Automobile-Oriented Planning Development. Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ağustos 2019, http://readinglists.exeter.ac.uk/Resource%20List%20Odd%20Links/GEO3127/About%20New%20Urbanism%20by%20Robert%20Steuteville.pdf.
  • Steuteville, R. (2018). 25 Great Ideas of New Urbanism. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Haziran 2019, https://www.cnu.org/sites/default/files/25-great-ideas-book.pdf.
  • Talen, E. (2002). The Social Goals of New Urbanism, Housing Policy Debate, 13(1), 165-188
  • Talen, E. (2005). New Urbanism and American Planning: The Conflict of Cultures. New York: Routledge.
  • Talen, E. (2010). Affordability in New Urbanist Development: Principle, Practice, and Strategy, Journal of Urban Affairs, 32(4), 489–510.
  • Talen, E. (2014). Do-It-Yourself Urbanism, Journal of Planning History, 14(2), 135-148.
  • Tanyeli, U. (2017). Yıkarak Yapmak, Anarşist Bir Mimarlık Kuramı İçin Altlık, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Thompson-Fawcett, M. (2003). A New Urbanist Diffusion Network: The Americo-European Connection, Built Environment 29(3), 253–270.
  • Trudeau, D. ve Malloy, P. (2011). Suburbs in Disguise? Examining the Geographies of The New Urbanism. Urban Geography, 32(3), 424-447.
  • Varma, G. R. (2017). A Study on New Urbanism and Compact City and Their İnfluence on Urban Mobility, 2nd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Engineering (ICITE), 250-253.
  • Veras, A., ve Amorim, L. (2005). New Urbanism: Ideals And Urban Configuration, 5th International Space Syntax Symposium Delft, Holland.
  • Weiss, M. A. (1999). Thirteen. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 89-96). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Wirth, L. (2002). Bir Yaşam Biçimi Olarak Kentlileşme. Ayten Alkan, Bülent Duru (Der. Ve Çev.), 20. Yüzyıl Kenti, (77-106). Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Yaro, R. D. (1999). Two. Michael Leccese ve Kathleen McCormick (Ed.), Charter of the New Urbanism (ss. 23-28). USA: Mc Graw Hill.
Toplam 126 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Ana Bölüm
Yazarlar

Arzu Maltaş Erol 0000-0003-2683-214X

Kemal Görmez 0000-0001-5662-9543

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Maltaş Erol, A., & Görmez, K. (2020). Teoride ve Pratikte Yeni Şehircilik Akımı. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 271-310.