Çok Kültürlü İnsani Güvenlik Yaklaşımı (İng)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 363 - 388, 30.08.2021

İdris Turan , Ekrem Yaşar Akçay

Öz

Çokkültürlülük ve İnsani Güvenlik yaklaşımı Soğuk Savaş’ın bitiminden sonra öne çıkmıştır. Çokkültürlülük çeşitli kültürel grupların bir ülkede barış içinde yaşaması şeklinde tanımlanır. Diğer taraftan İnsani Güvenlik yaklaşımı, Soğuk Savaş döneminde geçerli olan realist paradigmanın insan-merkezli güvenlik çalışmalarına evrilmesini işaret eder. Her iki yaklaşım da küresel etkileri olduğunu ispatlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, 20. ve 21. yüzyıllardaki modern “doğa durumu” savaş ve güvenlikleştirme, ekonomik problemler ve diyaloktaki zorluklar vasıtasıyla anlaşılabilir. Bu çalışma Çokkültürlülük ve İnsani Güvenlik kavramlarının birleştirilmesi ile oluşacak Çokkültürlü İnsani Güvenlik yaklaşımı üzerinde durmaktadır. Ayrıca bu yeni yaklaşım modern “doğa durumu”na karşı faydalarını göstermeye yarayacaktır. Dengeli ve adil bir mekanizma bu yeni yaklaşımla birlikte devletler, topluluklar ve bireyler için 21. yüzyılda söz konusu olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Modern “doğa durumu”, İnsani Güvenlik, Çokkültürlülük, Çokkültürlü İnsani Güvenlik yaklaşımı

Multicultural Human Security Approach (Eng)

Öz

Multiculturalism and the Human Security approach both came into prominence after the end of the Cold War. Multiculturalism is defined as various cultural groups in a country living in peace. The Human Security approach, on the other hand, refers to the transformation of the realist paradigm valid during the Cold War into human-centered security studies. Both of these approaches are proven to have global effects. In this regard, the modern “state of nature” in the 20th and 21st centuries can be perceived through arguments of war & securitization, economic problems and challenges in dialogue. This study dwells upon a thorough analysis of the concepts of multiculturalism and human security on the basis of their combination to form Multicultural Human Security approach in an attempt to demonstrate the benefits of this conjugated approach creating the modern “state of nature”. A balanced and fair mechanism may well be argued to be possible in the international system composed of states, communities and individuals by means of this new approach in the rest of the 21st century.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Modern “state of nature”, Human Security, Multiculturalism, Multicultural Human Security approach

Kaynakça

• “Gross domestic product 2016”. (2017). http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf.
• “Political Overview in Iraq 2011”. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer /pdfviewer?hid=109&sid=e43084c10c24-4c4f-9001-18e49f9de9af%40sessionmgr 114&vid=1.
• “Revenue of the cosmetic/beauty industry in the United States from 2002 to 2016 (in billion U.S. dollars)”. https://www.statista.com/statistics/243742/revenue-of-the-cosmetic-industry-in-the-us/.
• “Smoking Costs the Global Economy Over $1 Trillion Annually”. (2017). http://fortune.com/2017/01/10/smoking-costs-who-cancer-institute-trillion/.
• Al Gharaibeh, F. (2011). “Human Security, Terrorism and Human Rights in the Middle East: Implications for Social Work Practice”. European Journal of Social Sciences, 20, 228-239.
• Anderson, M. (2015). “$1.4tn a year needed to reach global goals for world's poorest”. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/18/14tn-dollars-a-year-needed-to-reach-global-goals-for-world-poorest.
• Barber, L. and Parmenter, C. (2015). “Which countries eat the most ice cream in the world? Here's the scoop”. http://www.cityam.com/220727/which-countries-eat-most-ice-cream-world-heres-scoop.
• Benhabib, S. (2006). Ötekilerin Hakları Yabancılar, Yerliler, Vatandaşlar. (B. Akkıyal, Trans). İstanbul: İletişim Edition.
• Bond, P. (2008). “Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and Political-Economic Conflict in Africa: The Return of the Theory of Imperialism”. Journal of Peacebuilding&Development, 4/1, 1-14.
• Bond, P. (2013). “Study: Global Entertainment Industry Poised to Top $2 Trillion in 2016”. http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1565728/study-global-entertainment-industry-poised-to-top-2-trillion-in.
• Bozkurt, E. (2003). Birleşmiş Milletler Sisteminde Kuvvet Kullanımı. Ankara: Nobel Edition.
• Bozkurt, E. and Kanat, S. (2007). Uluslararası Toplumun Paradoksu: Terörizm, İnsan Hakları, Güvenlik ve 11 Eylül Sonrası Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler. Ankara: Asil Edition.
• Dağı, İ. D. (2010). “Normatif Yaklaşımlar: Adalet, Eşitlik ve İnsan Hakları”. In A. Eralp, (ed.) Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik (pp. 185-226) İstanbul: İletişim Edition.
• Emiroğlu, H. (2006). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Birleşmiş Milletler: İşlevi-Sorunları”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 59-81.
• Ferstman, C. (2010). “The Human Security Framework and Counter-Terrorism: Examining the Rhetoric Relating to ‘Extraordinary Renditions’”, In A. Edwards & C. Ferstman, (Eds.), Human Security and Non-Citizens (pp. 532-560). UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Gantz, A. (2017). “Pet industry spending topped US$66 billion in 2016”, accessed December 15, 2017, http://www.petfoodindustry.com/articles/6370-pet-industry-spending-topped-us66-billion-in-2016.
• Goldberg, M. S. (2010). “Death and Injury Rates of U.S. Military Personnel in Iraq”. Military Medicine.
• Grabowski, R. (2007). Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach, New York: M. E. Sharp.
• Graf, R. (2010). “Between National and Human Security: Energy Security in the United Statesand Western Europe in the 1970s”. Historical Social Research, 35, 329-348.
• İşsevenler, O. V. (2012). “Suç Kavram ve Teorisine Dair Bir Deneme”. İÜHFM, 70, 51-58.
• Knight, S. (2007). “In the Face Of Death”. Newsweek (Pacific Edition), 150.
• Konar, A. K. (2011). “Originators of (Post) Structuralism: A Search for New Truth”. IUP, 14-21.
• Kratofil, C. (2017). “Can You Guess How Much a Woman Spends on Makeup in Her Liftetime? (We Were Way Off!)”. http://people.com/style/how-much-does-a-woman-spend-on-makeup/.
• Krause, K. (2007). “Towards a Practical Human Security Agenda”. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Policy Paper, 26.
• Küçük, M. (2009). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde ‘Konstrüktivist Dönüşü’ Anlamak”. Ege Akademik Bakış, 9, 771-795.
• Kymlicka, W. (1998). Çokkültürlü Yurttaşlık. (Abdullah Yılmaz, Trans.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Edition.
• Macneil, L. (2011). “Securing the Afghan People? Canadian Foreign Aid Policy And The Perils of Human Security”. Undercurrent Journal, 8, 6-16.
• May, C. (2017). “Transnational Crime and the Developing World”. Global Financial Integrity, http://www.gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Transnational_Crime-final.pdf.
• Neag, M. and Pricopi, M. (2010). “A Rational Choice Model for the Human Security Decision”. International Journal of Academic Research, 2, 308-311.
• Neag, M. M. and Coman, D. (2010). “Dimensions of The Human Security Concept”. Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre, 1, 124-128.
• Neştian, G. (2011). “The Human Security in the Information Age”. Revista Academiei Fortelor Terestre 2, 143-155.
• Rex, J. (1996). Ethnic Minorities in the Modern Nation State, Working Papers in the Theory of Multiculturalism and Political Integration, London: Macmillan Press.
• Roberts, A. (2009). “The Civilian in Modern War”. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 12, 13-52.
• Roberts, D. (2010). Global Governance and Biopolitics, Regulating Human Security, London and New York: ZedBooks.
• Schnapper, D. (2005). Sosyoloji Düşüncesinin Özünde Öteki ile İlişki, (A. Sönmezay, Trans.) İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Edition.
• SIPRI. “Military expenditure”. https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/arms-transfers-and-military-spending/military-expenditure.
• Taşdemir, F. (2006). Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi. Ankara: USAK Edition.
• UN. (2002). “Globalization ‘best hope’ to cure world’s problems, Annan tells World Economic Forum”. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=2800&Cr=economic&Cr1=forum.
• UN Official Website. “UN Charter”. http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/.
• UNDP. (2016a). “UNDP Support to the Implementation of The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/SDGs/SDG%20Implementation%20and%20UNDP_Policy_and_Programme_Brief.pdf.
• UNDP. (2016b).“Goal 2 Targets”. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-2-zero-hunger/targets/.
• UNDP. (2016c). “Goal 4 Targets”. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education/targets/.
• UNDP. (2016d). “Goal 9 Targets”. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure/targets/.
• UNDP. (2016e). “Goal 12 Targets”. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production/targets/.
• UNDP. (2016f). “UNDP Support to the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 8: Promoting Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth”, http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Sustainable%20Development/8_Growth_Jan15_digital.pdf?download.
• UNESCO. (2009). UNESCO World Report No. 2: Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue. Paris.
• Yeşilbursa, B. K. “Geçmişten Günümüze Irak Meselesi”. http://www.gefad.gazi.edu.tr/window/dosya pdf /2009/5/72.pdf.