Araştırma Makalesi
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Afrika'da El Kaide'nin Cemaat Nasr el-İslam vel Müslimin (JNIM) Aracılığıyla Yeniden Canlanması: Sahel'de Genişleyen Terörizmin Faktörleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 667 - 692, 18.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1662286

Öz

Güvenlik paradoksu ve köklü radikal hareketler uzun zamandır Afrika’nın Sahel bölgesini meşgul etmektedir. Bölge ülkelerinin ortaya çıkan terörist hareketlere karşı vermede yetersiz kalması, terörün yaygınlaşmasını hızlandırmaktadır. Buna mukabil, bölgelerdeki radikalleşmeyi doğuran kaynaklar ve faktörler göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışma el-Kaide’nin Afrika Kıtasında yayılma dinamiklerini radikalleşme sürecini açıklayan itme-çekme kuramına uyarlayarak incelemektedir. Küresel bağlamda operasyon kabiliyetine sahip olan el-Kaide başta Afganistan olmak üzere Irak ve Suriye topraklarında zemin kaybetmesinin ardından sahip olduğu ideoloji ve operasyonel tecrübesi ile Sahel bölgesinde yeniden varlık göstermeye başlamıştır. Tarihsel kökenlerinin yanı sıra bölgenin içinde bulunmuş olduğu yapısal ve kronik sorunları kendi lehine çevirmeye çalışan örgüt yerel unsurlara angaje olarak Sahel bölgesinde genişlemeye ve derinleşmeye başlamıştır. Bu süreçte özellikle Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin Togo ve Nijer’de etkili olan JNIM, El-Kaidenin en önemli bölgesel ortağı olmuştur. Ancak, Selefi bir ideolojiye sahip örgütün Ticanilik gibi sufi bir geleneğe sahip bir bölgede yayılma motivasyonu paradoks oluşturmuştur. Çalışma, Sahel bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren ve El-Kaideye biat eden JNIM’in bölgede yayılırken hangi motivasyonlar üzerine bir strateji kurduğunu eleştirel bir perspektifle ele almaktadır. El-Kaidenin Sahel bölgesinde yayılmasını ele alan bu çalışmanın neticesinde örgütün kolonyal ve neokolonyal dönemde uygulanan sınır politikası, kabileler arasında yaşanan güç mücadelesi, geleneksel otorite ve merkezi otorite ayrışması, iklim ve ekonomi temelli sorunlar ve dış müdahaleler gibi unsurlar temelinde bölgede genişlemesi hızlanmıştır. Motivasyonun unsurlarından dini gerekçeler ise göreceli olarak daha geri planda kaldığı anlaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ACLED. (2023). Non-State Armed Groups And Illıcıt Economıes In West Afrıca:Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM). Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
  • Afriyie, F. (2024). Weaving through the maze of terrorist marriages in Africa’s Sahel region: Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) under review. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2100153
  • Anievas, Alexander, ve Kerem, N. “Rethinking the Origins of Capitalism: The Theory of Uneven and Combined Development”. İçinde How the West Came to Rule, 43-63. The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. Pluto Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183pb6f.7
  • Boeke, S. (2016). Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime. Small Wars & Insurgencies,, 1-14. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1200852
  • Caparini, M. (2015). The Mali Crisis and Responses by Regional Actors. SSRN Scholarly Paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2707650
  • Choi, S. (2022). Leader nationalism, ethnic identity, and terrorist violence. British Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 1151-1167. doi:10.1017/S0007123421000294
  • Clayton, T. (2018). Al Qaeda and U.S. Policy: Middle East and Africa. Congressional Research Service.
  • Conkar, A. B. (2020). Development and Security Challenges in the Sahel Region. NATO Pariamentary Assmebly. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3673820
  • Çelik, E. (2024, 07 12). Doktora Tezi. Yök Tez: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden alındı
  • Yıldırım Çinar, H., (2023). Nijerya’da Radikalleşme ve Boko Haram Terör Örgütünün Üye Kazanma Yolları. Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi , vol.2, no.1, 129-150.
  • Çiçek, Ü. (2023). The 2012 Tuareg-Arab Uprising in Northern Mali and Regional Actors: The Impact of. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 143-151. doi:10.17674/amusbd.1290918
  • Eizenga, D., & Williams, W. (2020). The Puzzle of JNIM and Militant Islamist Groups in the Sahel. Africa Security Brief. doi:10.1163/9789004436443_008
  • Ekeh, Peter P. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, sy 1 (1975): 91-112
  • Erkmen, S. (2011). Radikalleşme Tartışmalarına Giriş. O. Şen içinde, Tüm Boyutları ile Radikalleşme Süreçleri ve Radikalleşme ile Mücadele Uygulamaları (s. 3-22). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Evans, M. (2012). Algeria: France's undeclared war. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Ferro, M. (1997). A Global History. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315015803
  • Ferro, M. (2002). Fetihlerden Bağımsızlık Hareketlerine Sömürgecilik Tarihi: 13.Yüzyıl-20. Yüzyıl. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları. doi:10.5420/9781315015803
  • Gerges, F. (2016). ISIS: A history. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
  • Haan, C., Dubern, E., & Garancher, B. (2014). Pastoralism Development in the Sahel: A Road to Stability? Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0404-1
  • Hunter, M. (2022, 11 4). Gold, conflict and criminality in West Africa. 9 5, 2024 tarihinde globalinitiative.net: https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/gold-conflict-criminality-west-africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Jaffe, C. (2023). Actor Profile: Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM). ACLED.
  • Jarvis, L. (2024). Three waves of critical terrorism studies: agenda-setting,elaboration, problematisation. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 463–487.
  • Kepel, G. (2002). Jihad: The trail of political Islam. I.B. Tauris.
  • Kundnani, A. (2012). Radicalisation: the journey of a concept. Sage Journals, 54(2), 3-25.
  • Laub, Z., & Masters, J. (2014). Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). New York: Council on Foreign Relations. Makinda, S. (2007). History and root causes of terrorism in Africa. Understanding Terrorism in Africa. In Search for an Afrxcan Voxce, 14-21.
  • Malle, A. (2020). An Unexpected Cause of Terrorism in the African Sahel: Climate Change. Chigago: The Gate. McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205-2016.
  • Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton University Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77c7w
  • Neumann, P. (2010). Prisons and terrorism: Radicalisation and de-radicalisation in 15 countries. London: ICSR, King's College.
  • Nsaibia, H., & Raleigh, C. (2021, 9 21). Hoover Institution. Accessed on 05 9, 2024
  • Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B. (2012). Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa. Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3), 46-54.
  • Rapoport, D. (2004). The four waves of modern terrorism. A. Cronin, & J. Ludes içinde, Attacking terrorism: Elements of a grand strategy (s. 46-73). Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2tt3x
  • Roy, O. (2021). Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of Islamic State. Oxford : Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198839130.001.0001
  • Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Smith, A. (2018). How Radicalization to Terrorism Occurs in the United States: What Research Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice Tells Us. National Institute of Justice, 1-23. doi:10.2172/1415756
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2013). Postkolonyal Kuram Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplinini Dekolonize Etmek. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 80-97. doi:10.21121/esam.413051
  • Thurston, A. (2020). ihadists of North Africa and the Sahel. Local Politics and Rebel Groups. doi:10.1017/9781108886656
  • Trnovec , S. (2020). The Challenges of Colonial Rule in West African. Asian and African Studies, 29(2), 282-314. doi:10.2478/aas-2020-0013
  • Turhan, Y. (2020). Fransa'nın Afrika Politikası Değişim Veya Süreklilik. A. Boztaş, & B. Dursun içinde, Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika 6 (s. 51-80). Ankara: Nobel. doi:10.1017/S0007123418000106
  • Türk, O. (2023). Çad Gölü Havzasında Radikalleşme ve ISWAP'a Katılım Dinamikleri. Akdeniz Havzası ve Afrika Medeniyetleri Dergisi, 29-46. doi:DOI: 10.54132/akaf.1392216
  • Türk, O. (2024). Afrika'da Bölgesel Güvenlik ve Terör. Ankara: Nobel.
  • UNEP. (2011). Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel,. United Nations Environment Programme.
  • UNODC. (2018, 2 15). UNODC. 5 12, 2024 tarihinde www.unodc.org: https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-2/key-issues/drivers-of-violent-extremism.html adresinden alındı
  • UNOWAS. (2019). Activities of the United Nations Office for West Africa. United Nations Security Council .
  • USIP. (2017). The Jihadi Threat: ISIS, el-Qaeda and Beyond. Wilson Center.
  • Zenn, J. (2019). The Sahel's militant 'melting pot': Hamadou Kouffa's Macina Liberation Front (FLM). Terrorism Monitor, 7-10.

The Resurgence of Al-Qaeda in Africa through Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM): Unpacking the Drivers of Expansion in the Sahel

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 667 - 692, 18.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1662286

Öz

Security entanglements, rooted radical movements have long afflicted the serenity of the Sahel region of Africa. The renponse of regional countries to such terrorist attacked often fails due to various factors. What has also been overloked the sources and factors which push radicalistion in the regions. This study aims to examine the expansion dynamics of al-Qaeda in the African continent by adapting them to the push and pull theory in the context of radicalization process. Al-Qaeda, for some it was maladaptive to the Continent, has begun to establish its presence in the Sahel region, leveraging its ideology and operational experience, following its loss of ground primarily in Afghanistan, as well as in Iraq and Syria. Attempting to capitalize on both its historical roots and the structural and chronic problems plaguing the region, Al-Qaeda has initiated a process of expansion and entrenchment by engaging with local elements. During this process, JNIM, an al-Qaeda-affiliated group operating in the Sahel region, has emerged as al-Qaeda's most significant regional partner. However, despite of JNIM’s affiliation with Sufi traditions such as Tijaniyya presents, the member of JNIM’s sympathy and engagement to Al-Qaeda, which is a Salafi ideology that oppose Sufi line, persist a paradoxial dynamics of the issue. The research critically analyzes the motivations underlying the strategy of JNIM, as it expands its influence in the area. It also examines al-Qaeda's expansion in the Sahel region, concludes that the organization's growth has been accelerated by factors such as the border policies implemented during the colonial and neo-colonial periods, power struggles among tribes, the divergence between traditional and central authorities, climate and economic-based issues, and external interventions. Religious justifications, as elements of motivation, have been found to play a relatively secondary role.

Kaynakça

  • ACLED. (2023). Non-State Armed Groups And Illıcıt Economıes In West Afrıca:Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM). Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
  • Afriyie, F. (2024). Weaving through the maze of terrorist marriages in Africa’s Sahel region: Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) under review. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2100153
  • Anievas, Alexander, ve Kerem, N. “Rethinking the Origins of Capitalism: The Theory of Uneven and Combined Development”. İçinde How the West Came to Rule, 43-63. The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. Pluto Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183pb6f.7
  • Boeke, S. (2016). Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime. Small Wars & Insurgencies,, 1-14. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1200852
  • Caparini, M. (2015). The Mali Crisis and Responses by Regional Actors. SSRN Scholarly Paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2707650
  • Choi, S. (2022). Leader nationalism, ethnic identity, and terrorist violence. British Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 1151-1167. doi:10.1017/S0007123421000294
  • Clayton, T. (2018). Al Qaeda and U.S. Policy: Middle East and Africa. Congressional Research Service.
  • Conkar, A. B. (2020). Development and Security Challenges in the Sahel Region. NATO Pariamentary Assmebly. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3673820
  • Çelik, E. (2024, 07 12). Doktora Tezi. Yök Tez: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp adresinden alındı
  • Yıldırım Çinar, H., (2023). Nijerya’da Radikalleşme ve Boko Haram Terör Örgütünün Üye Kazanma Yolları. Terörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi , vol.2, no.1, 129-150.
  • Çiçek, Ü. (2023). The 2012 Tuareg-Arab Uprising in Northern Mali and Regional Actors: The Impact of. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 143-151. doi:10.17674/amusbd.1290918
  • Eizenga, D., & Williams, W. (2020). The Puzzle of JNIM and Militant Islamist Groups in the Sahel. Africa Security Brief. doi:10.1163/9789004436443_008
  • Ekeh, Peter P. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, sy 1 (1975): 91-112
  • Erkmen, S. (2011). Radikalleşme Tartışmalarına Giriş. O. Şen içinde, Tüm Boyutları ile Radikalleşme Süreçleri ve Radikalleşme ile Mücadele Uygulamaları (s. 3-22). Ankara: Nobel.
  • Evans, M. (2012). Algeria: France's undeclared war. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Ferro, M. (1997). A Global History. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315015803
  • Ferro, M. (2002). Fetihlerden Bağımsızlık Hareketlerine Sömürgecilik Tarihi: 13.Yüzyıl-20. Yüzyıl. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları. doi:10.5420/9781315015803
  • Gerges, F. (2016). ISIS: A history. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
  • Haan, C., Dubern, E., & Garancher, B. (2014). Pastoralism Development in the Sahel: A Road to Stability? Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0404-1
  • Hunter, M. (2022, 11 4). Gold, conflict and criminality in West Africa. 9 5, 2024 tarihinde globalinitiative.net: https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/gold-conflict-criminality-west-africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Jaffe, C. (2023). Actor Profile: Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM). ACLED.
  • Jarvis, L. (2024). Three waves of critical terrorism studies: agenda-setting,elaboration, problematisation. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 463–487.
  • Kepel, G. (2002). Jihad: The trail of political Islam. I.B. Tauris.
  • Kundnani, A. (2012). Radicalisation: the journey of a concept. Sage Journals, 54(2), 3-25.
  • Laub, Z., & Masters, J. (2014). Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). New York: Council on Foreign Relations. Makinda, S. (2007). History and root causes of terrorism in Africa. Understanding Terrorism in Africa. In Search for an Afrxcan Voxce, 14-21.
  • Malle, A. (2020). An Unexpected Cause of Terrorism in the African Sahel: Climate Change. Chigago: The Gate. McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205-2016.
  • Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton University Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77c7w
  • Neumann, P. (2010). Prisons and terrorism: Radicalisation and de-radicalisation in 15 countries. London: ICSR, King's College.
  • Nsaibia, H., & Raleigh, C. (2021, 9 21). Hoover Institution. Accessed on 05 9, 2024
  • Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B. (2012). Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa. Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3), 46-54.
  • Rapoport, D. (2004). The four waves of modern terrorism. A. Cronin, & J. Ludes içinde, Attacking terrorism: Elements of a grand strategy (s. 46-73). Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2tt3x
  • Roy, O. (2021). Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of Islamic State. Oxford : Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198839130.001.0001
  • Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Smith, A. (2018). How Radicalization to Terrorism Occurs in the United States: What Research Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice Tells Us. National Institute of Justice, 1-23. doi:10.2172/1415756
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. (2013). Postkolonyal Kuram Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplinini Dekolonize Etmek. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 80-97. doi:10.21121/esam.413051
  • Thurston, A. (2020). ihadists of North Africa and the Sahel. Local Politics and Rebel Groups. doi:10.1017/9781108886656
  • Trnovec , S. (2020). The Challenges of Colonial Rule in West African. Asian and African Studies, 29(2), 282-314. doi:10.2478/aas-2020-0013
  • Turhan, Y. (2020). Fransa'nın Afrika Politikası Değişim Veya Süreklilik. A. Boztaş, & B. Dursun içinde, Dünya Siyasetinde Afrika 6 (s. 51-80). Ankara: Nobel. doi:10.1017/S0007123418000106
  • Türk, O. (2023). Çad Gölü Havzasında Radikalleşme ve ISWAP'a Katılım Dinamikleri. Akdeniz Havzası ve Afrika Medeniyetleri Dergisi, 29-46. doi:DOI: 10.54132/akaf.1392216
  • Türk, O. (2024). Afrika'da Bölgesel Güvenlik ve Terör. Ankara: Nobel.
  • UNEP. (2011). Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel,. United Nations Environment Programme.
  • UNODC. (2018, 2 15). UNODC. 5 12, 2024 tarihinde www.unodc.org: https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-2/key-issues/drivers-of-violent-extremism.html adresinden alındı
  • UNOWAS. (2019). Activities of the United Nations Office for West Africa. United Nations Security Council .
  • USIP. (2017). The Jihadi Threat: ISIS, el-Qaeda and Beyond. Wilson Center.
  • Zenn, J. (2019). The Sahel's militant 'melting pot': Hamadou Kouffa's Macina Liberation Front (FLM). Terrorism Monitor, 7-10.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Ana Bölüm
Yazarlar

Osman Türk 0000-0002-6233-8870

Yunus Turhan 0000-0001-7641-9885

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Türk, O., & Turhan, Y. (2025). The Resurgence of Al-Qaeda in Africa through Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM): Unpacking the Drivers of Expansion in the Sahel. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 667-692. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1662286