Alexithymia and Mindfulness Experience as the Predictors of Adolescents' Psychological Mindedness

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1797 - 1821, 15.12.2023

Kıvanç Uzun , Zeynep Karataş

https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2023..-909660

Öz

: In the current study, it is aimed to determine the extent to which alexithymia and mindfulness experiences in adolescents predict their psychological mindedness. To this end, the relational survey model was used to determine the relationships between the variables. The study group of the current research was constructed by means of the convenience sampling method because of the pandemic conditions. The online form prepared by the researchers was shared on various social media platforms; thus, a total of 582 adolescents were reached. The mean age of the participants is 15,24. The data in the study were collected by using the demographic information form developed by the researchers, the Psychological Mindedness Scale for Adolescents, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Comprehensive Mindfulness Experiences Scale for Adolescents. In the analysis of the collected data, while Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchic multi-linear regression analysis were used to determine the relationships between variables, independent samples t-test and one-way variance analysis were used to determine the differences and Tukey and Hochberg’s GT2 tests were used to test the source of the differences. For all the statistical analyses, SPSS statistics program was used and the significance level was set to be ,05. As a result of the analyses, it was concluded that the adolescents’ psychological mindedness was negatively predicted by alexithymia while it was positively predicted by mindfulness. Moreover, the adolescents’ psychological mindedness was found to var significantly depending on gender, grade level, academic grade point average and perceived social-economic level but not vary significantly depending on family structure. Findings of the study were discussed in light of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psychological mindedness, alexithymia, mindfulness, adolescences.

Ergenlerin Psikolojik Zihinliliklerinin Yordayıcıları Olarak Aleksitimi ve Bilinçli Farkındalık Deneyimi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, ergenlerin aleksitimi ve bilinçli farkındalık deneyimi düzeylerinin psikolojik zihinliliklerini ne derece yordandığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi için ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Pandemi koşullarından dolayı çalışma grubu, uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan online form, çeşitli sosyal medya platformlarında paylaşılarak, ergenlik döneminde bulunan 582 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 15,24’tür. Araştırmada veriler; araştırmacıların oluşturduğu demografik bilgi formu, Ergenler için Psikolojik Zihinlilik Ölçeği, Toronto Aleksitimi Ölçeği (TAÖ-20) ve Ergenler için Kapsamlı Bilinçli Farkındalık Deneyimleri Envanteri ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, değişkenlerin arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması için pearson korelasyon katsayısı ile hiyerarşik çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılırken; farklılıkların tespitine ilişkin analiz için ise ilişkisiz örneklemler t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmış, farklılıkların kaynağını test etmek adına Tukey ve Hochberg’s GT2 testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Tüm bu istatistiksel analizlerde SPSS 22.0 programı kullanılmış olup, anlamlılık düzeyi olarak ,05 alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ergenlerin psikolojik zihinliliklerinin aleksitimi düzeyleri tarafından negatif, bilinçli farkındalık deneyimleri tarafından pozitif yönde anlamlı şekilde yordandığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca ergenlerin psikolojik zihinliliklerinin cinsiyetleri, sınıf düzeyleri, akademik not ortalamaları ve algılanan sosyoekonomik düzeyleri açısından anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı; ancak aile yapılarına göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları ilgili alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik zihinlilik, aleksitimi, bilinçli farkındalık, ergenlik

Kaynakça

• Appelbaum, S. A. (1973). Psychological-mindedness: Word, concept and essence. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 54(1), 35-46.
• Asay, T. R., & Lambert, M.J. (1999). The empirical case of the common factors in psychotherapy: Quantitative findings. M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan & S. D. Miller (Ed.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy içinde (ss. 23-55). American Psychological Association.
• Avunduk, S. D. (2020). Danışanın algıladığı terapötik ittifak ile terapi motivasyonunun ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Maltepe Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto alexithymia scale-I. Item selection and cross validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
• Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., & Ryan, D. (1986). Toronto Alexithymia Scale: Relationship with personality and psychopathology measures. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 45(4), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1159/000287950
• Beets, S. (2010). Psychological mindedness and academic achievement of psychology students in a tertiary education environment [Doktora tezi]. North-West University, Güney Afrika.
• Beets, S., Nienaber, A., & Botha, K. (2011). Psychological mindedness and academic achievement of psychology students in a higher education environment. Acta Academica, 43(3), 32-56.
• Beitel, M., & Cecero, J. J. (2003). Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style and attachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10125
• Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J. J. (2004). Psychological mindedness and cognitive style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10258
• Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J. J. (2005). Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 739-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20095
• Beutler, L. E., Malik, M., Alimohammed, S., Harwood, M. T., Talebi, H., Noble, S., & Wong, E. (2004). Therapist variables. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change içinde (5. baskı) (ss. 227-306). Wiley.
• Bhagat, V., Simba, N. B., & Haque, M. (2015). The peripheral focus on the psychological parameters of parents of autistic children in the intervention methods: A review and recommending the strategy, focusing psychological parameters of parents of autistic children in intervention methods. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 7(4), 403-414. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2015.4s.1
• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., … Devins, G. (2006). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
• Boylan, M. B. (2006). Psychological mindedness as a predictor of treatment outcome with depressed adolescents [Doktora tezi]. University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (19. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (21. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
• Clarkin, J. F., & Levy, K. N. (2004). The influence of client variables on psychotherapy. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change içinde (5. baskı) (ss. 194-226). Wiley.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis fort he behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Erlbaum.
• Conte, H. R., Buckley, P., Picard, S., & Karasu, T. B. (1995). Relationships between psychological mindedness and personality traits and ego functioning: Validity studies. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(95)90093-B
• Conte, H. R., & Ratto, R. (1997). Self-report measures of psychological mindedness. M. McCallum & W. E. Piper (Ed.), Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding içinde (ss. 1-26). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Conte, H. R., Ratto, R., & Karasu, T. B. (1996). The psychological mindedness scale. Factor structure and relationship to outcome of psychotherapy. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 5(3), 250-259.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik (3. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
• Denizli, S. (2010). Danışanların algıladıkları terapötik çalışma ve oturum etkisi düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre yordanması: Ege Üniversite örneği [Doktora tezi]. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Denizli, S., Pamukçu, B., & Meydan, B. (2016). Psikolojik danışma süreç ve sonuç araştırmalarında danışana ilişkin bir değişken: Psikolojik zihinlilik. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(40), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.21764/efd.01537
• Denizli, S., Meydan, B., & Pamukçu, B. (2022). Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 44, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-021-09452-y
• Dereboy, İ. F. (1990). Aleksitimi: Bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1(3), 157-165.
• Farber, B. A. (1985). The genesis, development, and implications of psychological-mindedness in psychotherapists. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 22(2), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085490
• Fagan, R., & Squitiera, P. (2002). The relationship between personality characteristics and academic success in law school. Evaluation & Research in Education, 16(2), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500790208667010
• Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2. baskı). Sage Publications.
• Grant, A. M. (2001). Rethinking psychological mindedness: Metacognition, self-reflection, and insight. Behavior Change, 18(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.1.8
• Güleç, H., Köse, S., Güleç, M. Y., Çitak, S., Evren, C., Borckardt, J., & Sayar, K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20). Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(3), 214-220.
• Gülüm, İ. V., Uluç, S., & Soygüt, G. (2016). Terapötik İttifak ölçeği-kısa formun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 27, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5080/u18260
• Hatcher, R., Hatcher, S., Berlin, M., Okla, K., & Richards, J. (1990). Psychological mindedness and abstract reasoning in late childhood and adolescence: An exploration using new instruments. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(4), 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537075
• Hill, C. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy process and outcome. M. J. Lambert, (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change içinde (5. baskı) (ss. 84-135). Wiley.
• Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2017). Development and validation of a multifactor mindfulness scale in youth: The comprehensive ınventory of mindfulness experiences–adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 29(3), 264-281. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000342
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
• Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (22. baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kılınç, M., & Uzun, K. (2022). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün psikolojik danışmanların psikolojik sağlamlıkları üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik zihinliliğin aracı rolünün incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 2782-2835. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.1178241
• Kırca, B. (2017). Ergenler için kapsamlı bilinçli farkındalık deneyimleri envanterinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
• Koçak, R. (2002). Kuramsal çerçeve, tedavi yaklaşımları ve ilgili araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1-2), 183-212.
• Lambert, M. J. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome research: Implications for integrative and eclectic therapists. J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration içinde (ss. 94-129). Basic Books.
• Lambert, M. J., & Ogles, B. M. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change içinde (5. baskı) (ss. 139-193). Wiley.
• Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., … Devins, G. (2006). The toronto mindfulness scale: Development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445-1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20326
• Lesser, I. M. (1981). A review of the alexithymia concept. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43(6), 531-543. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198112000-00009
• Matuszak, J., Miller, G., Kemmelmeier, M., & Mason, N. (2013). A pilot study of the impact of stimulant pharmacotherapy in college students with ADHD on alexithymia and psychological mindedness. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 2, 139-142. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2013.24021
• McCallum, M., & Piper, W. E. (1996). Psychological mindedness. Psychiatry, 59(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1996.11024750
• McCallum, M., Piper, W. E., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Joyce, A. S. (2003). Relationships among psychological mindedness, alexithymia and outcome in four forms of short‐term psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608303765951177
• Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (6. baskı). Taylor & Francis.
• Misra, N. (2013). Impact of gender and education on gender role identity, gender role perception and psychological mindedness of college students. TIJ’s Research Journal of Social Science and Management, 2(12), 91-99.
• Muran, J. C., & Lutz, W. (2015). A train of thought: 25 years of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 25(3), 277-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1025483
• Nyklíček, I., & Denollet, J. (2009). Development and evaluation of the balanced index of psychological mindedness. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014418
• Nyklíček, I., Majoor, D., & Schalken, P. A. (2010). Psychological mindedness and symptom reduction after psychotherapy in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(5), 492-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.02.004
• Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., & Willutzki, U. (2004). Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcome research: Continuity and change. M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change içinde (5. baskı) (ss. 3-15). Wiley.
• Pamukçu, B., & Meydan, B. (2019). Turkish university students’ expectations about counseling. Int J Adv Counselling, 41, 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-019-09378-6
• Rinaldi, R., Radian, V., Rossignol, M., Arachchige, K. G. K., & Lefebvre, L. (2017). Thinking about one's feelings: Association between alexithymia and cognitive styles in a nonclinical population. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(10), 812-815. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000721
• Roxas, A. S. (2011). The relationships of psychological mindedness and religious coping to psychological distress and adjustment in high-school adolescents [Doktora tezi]. Fordham University, New York.
• Roxas, A. S., & Glenwick, D.S. (2014). The relationship of psychological mindedness and general coping to psychological adjustment and distress in high-school adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 12(2), 38-49.
• Shill, M. A., & Lumley, M. A. (2002). The psychological mindedness scale: Factor structure, convergent validity and gender in a non-psychiatric sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 75(2), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608302169607
• Stewart, M. F., & Chisholm, C. U. (2012). Assessment of the impact of emotional competencies on academic achievement within engineering and other student cohorts. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 10, 110-115.
• Stiles, W. B., Hill, C. E., & Elliott, R. (2015). Looking both ways. Psychotherapy Research, 25(3), 282-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.981681
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. baskı). Pearson.
• Taylor, G., Bagby, M., & Parker, J. (1989). Psychological-mindedness and the alexithymia construct. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154(5), 731-732. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.5.731c
• Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. (1991). The alexithymia construct: A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatics, 32(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(91)72086-0
• Trudeau, K. J., & Reich, R. (1995). Correlates of psychological mindedness. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(5), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00110-R
• Uzun, K., Tagay, Ö., & Karataş, Z. (2020). Ergenler için psikolojik zihinlilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 322-342. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.670101
• Uzun, K., & Karataş, Z. (2023). The examination of the mediator role of optimism, self-compassion, altruism and gratitude in the relationship between cognitive distortions and forgiveness of emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 11(4), 845-868. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231171200
• Wolf, C., & Serpa, J. G. (2015). A clinician's guide to teaching mindfulness: The comprehensive session-by-session program for mental health professionals and health care providers. New Harbinger Publications.