Araştırma Makalesi
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Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus' Peer Bullying Model

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 240 - 278, 01.02.2019
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.520847

Öz

Bu araştırmada ergenlerin siber zorbalık
karşısında nasıl tepkiler verdiklerini Olweus’un Akran Zorbalığı Modeli
çerçevesinde incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmaya Türkiye’nin yedi farklı
bölgesinden yaşları 12 ve 14 arasında değişen 49 yedinci ve sekizinci sınıf öğrencisi
katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri odak grup görüşmeleri ve yarı
yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Görüşmelerde
ergenlere siber zorbalığa tanık olup olmadıkları sorulmuş, bir kısmı
tanıklıklarının yanı sıra doğrudan kendilerinin internette maruz kaldığı ya da
yaptığı davranışları paylaşmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tümdengelim yaklaşımı
kullanılmıştır. Bulgular Olweus’un akran zorbalığı modeline göre
sınıflandırıldığında ise katılımcıların daha önce kurban, kurbanın olası savunucusu,
zorba, kurbanın savunucusu ve zorbanın gizli destekçisi statüleri ile siber
zorbalığı yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. 
Bununla birlikte bu araştırmada katılımcıların Olweus’un akran zorbalığı
modelinde yer alan taraf tutmayan, zorbanın takipçisi ve zorbanın destekçisi
statülerinde bir siber zorbalık yaşantıları olmadığı ortaya koyulmuştur.
Bulgular siber zorbalık sürecinde kurbanların şamar oğlanı olarak
etiketlendiklerini, güvenli internet kullanım kurallarına uygun
davranmadıklarını ve sosyal destekten mahrum kaldıklarını işaret etmektedir.
Kurbanın olası savunucularının ise kurbanın zarar gördüğünün farkında
olmalarına rağmen yetişkinlerin ve akranların olumsuz tutumları nedeniyle
kurbana yardım etmekten çekindikleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Zorba statüsünde
olduğu belirlenen öğrencilerin de davranışlarının sonuçlarını düşünmeden
hareket ettikleri ve internet etiğine dikkat etmedikleri bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bu
öğrencilerin eğlence, öç alma ve zorbalığa uğrayan kişileri koruma amacıyla
zorbalık yaptıkları belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan kurbanın destekçileri grubundaki
öğrencilerin açıklamalarına göre yüksek düzeyde empatik anlayışa ve öz
yeterliliğe sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu gruptaki katılımcılar siber
zorbalıkla mücadele etmek amacıyla zorbalarla konuşarak uzlaşma,  diğer akranlara kurbanların yanında yer
aldıklarını açıkça gösterme, teknolojik becerilerini kullanarak zorbaları
engelleme ve zorbalarla yüz yüze kavga etme stratejilerini kullandıklarını
belirtmektedir.  Zorbanın pasif
destekçileri olan öğrencilerin de en çok dikkat çeken özellikleri kurbanın,
zorbaca davranışı hak ettiğini düşündüğünü belirtmektedir.  Bu bulgulara
göre Türkiye’de ergenler siber zorbalık deneyimine sahiptir ve siber
zorbalık süreci Olweus’un akran zorbalığı döngüsüne benzer şekilde
işlemektedir. Çalışma siber zorbalıkla mücadele sürecinin bu statüler dikkate
alınarak ve her bir statü için farklı stratejiler geliştirerek yürütülmesinin
önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kapsamda kurbanın pasif destekçilerinin, aktif
destekçilere dönüşmesinin önündeki engeller kaldırmalı, zorbalar ve zorbaların
potansiyel destekçileri için de ergenlerin empati becerilerini geliştirmeye
yönelik çalışmalara ağırlık verilmelidir. 

Kaynakça

  • Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, S. ve Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 11(3), 253-261.
  • Austin, S. M., Reynolds, G. P. & Barnes, S. L. (2012). School leadership and counselors working together to address bullying. Education, 133 (2), 283-290.
  • Bastiaensens, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Cleemput, K., DeSmet A. & Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2013). Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders’ behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 259–271.
  • Bauman, S. (2013). Cyberbullying: What does research tell us? Theory Into Practice, 52, 249–256.
  • Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2007). The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 1(2), 15-33.
  • Bhat, S. C. (2008) Cyber bullying: Overview and strategies for school counsellors, guidance officers, and all school personnel. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 18 (1), 53-66.
  • Bonanno, R.A. & Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42 (5), 685-697.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005) Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15 (1), 68-76.
  • Cassidy, W., Jackson M. & Brown, K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me? Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying. School Psychology, 30 (4), 383–402.
  • Cleemput, K. V., Vandebosch, H. & Pabian, S. (2014). Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine “helping,” “joining ın,” and “doing nothing” when witnessing cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 383–396.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Couvillon, M. A. & Ilieva, V. (2011). Recommended practices: a review of schoolwide preventative programs and strategies on cyberbullying. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55 (2), 96-101.
  • Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. & Fernandez-Antelo, I. (2016). Adolescents' perception of the characterizing dimensions of cyberbullying: Differentiation between bullies' and victims' perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 653-663.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12 (1), 109–125.
  • Faryadi, Q. (2011). Cyber bullying and academic performance. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, 1 (1), 23-30.
  • Francine D., Catherine B. & Trijntje V. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 11 (2), 217-223.
  • Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-136.
  • Holfeld, B. & Leadbeater, B. J. (2015). The nature and frequency of cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences in young Canadian children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 30 (2), 116 –135.
  • Huang, Y. & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1581–1590.
  • Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., Asdre, A. & Voulgaridou, K. (2016). Parenting and internet behavior predictors of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization among preadolescents. Deviant behaviors, 37, 439-455.
  • Kowalski, R. M. ve Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students, Journal of Adolescent Health 41, 22 – 30.
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N. ve Lattaner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth. Psychological Bulletin 140 (4), 1073–1137
  • Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23 (4), 435-454.
  • Litwiller, B. J. & Brausch, A. M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: The role of violent behavior and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 675–684.
  • Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M. and Kelly, A. (2016) Cyberbullying: incidence, trends and consequences. Ending the torment: Tackling bullying from the schoolyard to cyberspace. (sayfa 115-120). New York: United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children Yayınları.
  • Matos, A.P.M., Vieira, C.C., Amado, J., Pessoa, T.M. ve Martins, M.J.D. (2018). Cyberbullying in Portuguese Schools: Prevalence and Characteristics. Journal of School Violence, 17(1), 123-137.
  • Mishna, F., Cook, C., Gadalla, T., Daciuk, J., & Solomon, S. (2010). Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (3), 362-374.
  • Mishna, F., Saini, M. & Solomon, S., (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31 (12), 1222–1228.
  • Naylor, P. & Cowie,H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: the perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 467 – 479.
  • Neumann, L. W. (2000). Basics of Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. New York: Pearson.
  • Olweus, D. (2002). Bullying at school. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Pereira, F., Spitzberg, B. & Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 136-146.
  • Price, M. & Dagleish, J. (2010). Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29 (2), 51-59.
  • Pronk, J., Goossens, F. A., Olthof, T., Mey, L. & Willemen, A. M. (2013). Children's intervention strategies in situations of victimization by bullying: Social cognitions of outsiders versus defenders. Journal of School Psychology, 51, 669–682.
  • Royen, K. V., Poels, K., Vandebosh H. & Adam, P. (2017). “Thinking before posting?” Reducing cyber harassment on social networking sites through a reflective message. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 345-352.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2000). Yaşam boyu gelişim. (Çev. Galip Yüksel). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Silverman, D. (2018). Nitel verileri yorumlama.(Çev. Erkan Dinç). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Schneider, S., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. S. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: a regional census of high school students. American Journal Of Public Health, 102 (1), 171-177.
  • Thornberg, R. & Jungert, T. (2013). Bystander behavior in bullying situations: Basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 475–483.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (3), 277–287.
  • Vandebosch, H. & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11 (4), 499-503.
  • Wang, J., Nansel, T. R. ve Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association With Depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48 (4), 415–417.
  • Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2005). Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools. Children and Schools, 27, 167-175. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yilmaz, H. (2011). Cyberbullying in Turkish middle schools: An exploratory study. School Psychology International, 32 (6), 645–654.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 240 - 278, 01.02.2019
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.520847

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, S. ve Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 11(3), 253-261.
  • Austin, S. M., Reynolds, G. P. & Barnes, S. L. (2012). School leadership and counselors working together to address bullying. Education, 133 (2), 283-290.
  • Bastiaensens, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Cleemput, K., DeSmet A. & Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2013). Cyberbullying on social network sites. An experimental study into bystanders’ behavioural intentions to help the victim or reinforce the bully. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 259–271.
  • Bauman, S. (2013). Cyberbullying: What does research tell us? Theory Into Practice, 52, 249–256.
  • Beran, T. & Li, Q. (2007). The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 1(2), 15-33.
  • Bhat, S. C. (2008) Cyber bullying: Overview and strategies for school counsellors, guidance officers, and all school personnel. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 18 (1), 53-66.
  • Bonanno, R.A. & Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42 (5), 685-697.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005) Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15 (1), 68-76.
  • Cassidy, W., Jackson M. & Brown, K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me? Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying. School Psychology, 30 (4), 383–402.
  • Cleemput, K. V., Vandebosch, H. & Pabian, S. (2014). Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine “helping,” “joining ın,” and “doing nothing” when witnessing cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 383–396.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Couvillon, M. A. & Ilieva, V. (2011). Recommended practices: a review of schoolwide preventative programs and strategies on cyberbullying. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55 (2), 96-101.
  • Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. & Fernandez-Antelo, I. (2016). Adolescents' perception of the characterizing dimensions of cyberbullying: Differentiation between bullies' and victims' perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 653-663.
  • Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12 (1), 109–125.
  • Faryadi, Q. (2011). Cyber bullying and academic performance. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, 1 (1), 23-30.
  • Francine D., Catherine B. & Trijntje V. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 11 (2), 217-223.
  • Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-136.
  • Holfeld, B. & Leadbeater, B. J. (2015). The nature and frequency of cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences in young Canadian children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 30 (2), 116 –135.
  • Huang, Y. & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1581–1590.
  • Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., Asdre, A. & Voulgaridou, K. (2016). Parenting and internet behavior predictors of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization among preadolescents. Deviant behaviors, 37, 439-455.
  • Kowalski, R. M. ve Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students, Journal of Adolescent Health 41, 22 – 30.
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N. ve Lattaner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth. Psychological Bulletin 140 (4), 1073–1137
  • Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23 (4), 435-454.
  • Litwiller, B. J. & Brausch, A. M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: The role of violent behavior and substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 675–684.
  • Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M. and Kelly, A. (2016) Cyberbullying: incidence, trends and consequences. Ending the torment: Tackling bullying from the schoolyard to cyberspace. (sayfa 115-120). New York: United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children Yayınları.
  • Matos, A.P.M., Vieira, C.C., Amado, J., Pessoa, T.M. ve Martins, M.J.D. (2018). Cyberbullying in Portuguese Schools: Prevalence and Characteristics. Journal of School Violence, 17(1), 123-137.
  • Mishna, F., Cook, C., Gadalla, T., Daciuk, J., & Solomon, S. (2010). Cyber bullying behaviors among middle and high school students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (3), 362-374.
  • Mishna, F., Saini, M. & Solomon, S., (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31 (12), 1222–1228.
  • Naylor, P. & Cowie,H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: the perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 467 – 479.
  • Neumann, L. W. (2000). Basics of Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. New York: Pearson.
  • Olweus, D. (2002). Bullying at school. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Pereira, F., Spitzberg, B. & Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 136-146.
  • Price, M. & Dagleish, J. (2010). Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia, 29 (2), 51-59.
  • Pronk, J., Goossens, F. A., Olthof, T., Mey, L. & Willemen, A. M. (2013). Children's intervention strategies in situations of victimization by bullying: Social cognitions of outsiders versus defenders. Journal of School Psychology, 51, 669–682.
  • Royen, K. V., Poels, K., Vandebosh H. & Adam, P. (2017). “Thinking before posting?” Reducing cyber harassment on social networking sites through a reflective message. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 345-352.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2000). Yaşam boyu gelişim. (Çev. Galip Yüksel). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Silverman, D. (2018). Nitel verileri yorumlama.(Çev. Erkan Dinç). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Schneider, S., O'Donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. S. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: a regional census of high school students. American Journal Of Public Health, 102 (1), 171-177.
  • Thornberg, R. & Jungert, T. (2013). Bystander behavior in bullying situations: Basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 475–483.
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (3), 277–287.
  • Vandebosch, H. & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11 (4), 499-503.
  • Wang, J., Nansel, T. R. ve Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association With Depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48 (4), 415–417.
  • Whitted, K. S., & Dupper, D. R. (2005). Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools. Children and Schools, 27, 167-175. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yilmaz, H. (2011). Cyberbullying in Turkish middle schools: An exploratory study. School Psychology International, 32 (6), 645–654.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bircan Ergün-başak

Emel Baştürk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Şubat 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergün-başak, B., & Baştürk, E. (2019). Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 9(1), 240-278. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.520847
AMA Ergün-başak B, Baştürk E. Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model. AJESI. Şubat 2019;9(1):240-278. doi:10.18039/ajesi.520847
Chicago Ergün-başak, Bircan, ve Emel Baştürk. “Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 9, sy. 1 (Şubat 2019): 240-78. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.520847.
EndNote Ergün-başak B, Baştürk E (01 Şubat 2019) Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 9 1 240–278.
IEEE B. Ergün-başak ve E. Baştürk, “Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model”, AJESI, c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 240–278, 2019, doi: 10.18039/ajesi.520847.
ISNAD Ergün-başak, Bircan - Baştürk, Emel. “Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 9/1 (Şubat 2019), 240-278. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.520847.
JAMA Ergün-başak B, Baştürk E. Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model. AJESI. 2019;9:240–278.
MLA Ergün-başak, Bircan ve Emel Baştürk. “Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, c. 9, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 240-78, doi:10.18039/ajesi.520847.
Vancouver Ergün-başak B, Baştürk E. Cyber Bullying Experiences of Middle School Students According to Olweus’ Peer Bullying Model. AJESI. 2019;9(1):240-78.