Ceviz Erkek Çiçeklerinin In Vitro Antioksidan ve Enzim İnhibitör Aktiviteleri

Yıl 2023, , 112 - 118, 29.08.2023

Ebru Aydın

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1350684

Cited By: 1

Öz

Ceviz (Juglans regia L.) erkek çiçekleri, yüksek fenolik içeriğine sahip olup, antioksidan, antidepresan, antihipoksik, antienflamatuar ve antihemolitik aktiviteler dahil olmak üzere sağlık üzerine yararlı etkileri ile bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma literatürde ilk defa ceviz erkek çiçeği ekstraktının α-amilaz ve α-glukosidaz enzimleri üzerindeki inhibitör etkilerinin HPAE-PAD (Pulsed Amperometric Detection ile Yüksek Performanslı Anyon Değiştirme Kromatografisi) kullanılarak araştırılmasını temsil etmektedir. Ekstraktın inhibe edici potansiyeli, bu amaç için yaygın olarak kullanılan kimyasal bir ilaç olan akarbozunkiyle karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca ekstraktın antioksidan aktivitesi de analiz edilmiştir. Ceviz erkek çiçeği ekstraktının IC50 değerleri sırasıyla α-amilaz ve α -glukosidaz için 1,507 mg/mL ve 0,803 mg/mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık akarboz için IC50 değerleri α -amilaz ve α -glukosidaz için sırasıyla 1.031 mg/mL ve 0.985 mg/mL olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ceviz erkek çiçeği, akarbozdan daha fazla α-glukosidazı durdurucu etki gösterse de, akarbozun ceviz erkek çiçeklerinden daha güçlü α-amilaz aktivitesine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ceviz erkek çiçeği ekstraktının DPPH serbest radikal yakalama aktivitesi (IC50) 19.51 µg/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca toplam fenolik madde miktarı ise 277 mg GAE (gallik asit eşdeğeri)/g kuru madde olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, ceviz erkek çiçeklerinin tip 2 diyabet hastalığının tedavisinde alternatif bir enzim inhibitörü olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, ceviz erkek çiçeklerinin gıda ve ilaç endüstrilerinde potansiyel kullanımına yönelik daha detaylı çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ceviz erkek çiçeği, α-Amilaz, α-Glukozidaz, Antioksidant, HPAE-PAD

In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Walnut Male Flowers

Öz

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) male flowers are known for their high phenolic content and associated health benefits, including anti-hypoxic, antihaemolytic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. This study represents the first investigation of the inhibitory effects of walnut male flower extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, employing HPAE-PAD (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The inhibitory potential of the extract was compared to that of acarbose, a chemical drug commonly used for this purpose. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was also evaluated. The extract demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 1.507 mg/mL and 0.803 mg/mL, respectively. In contrast, acarbose exhibited IC50 values of 1.031 mg/mL and 0.985 mg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Although the walnut male flower showed greater inhibition of α-glucosidase than acarbose, acarbose exhibited stronger inhibition of α-amylase activity than walnut male flowers. The extract exhibited a DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 19.51 µg/mL. Additionally, the total phenolic content of 277 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g dry weight (dw) was determined in the extract. These results may highlight the potential of walnut male flowers as a novel enzyme inhibitor for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights for further investigation into the potential applications of walnut male flowers in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Walnut male flowers, α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Antioxidant, HPAE-PAD

Kaynakça

• [1] Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B.B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J.C., Mbanya, J.C., Pavkov, M.E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S.H., James, S., Herman, W.H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo, S., Boyko E.J., Magliano, D. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, 109119.
• [2] Bhatti, J.S., Sehrawat, A., Mishra, J., Sidhu, I., Navik, U., Khullar , N., Kumar, S., Bhatti G.K., Reddy, P.H. (2022). Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and related complications: Current therapeutics strategies and future perspectives. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 184, 114-134.
• [3] WHO (2016). World Health Organization, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257.
• [4] Kadiroğlu, P., Ekici, H. (2018). Yeşil ceviz kabuklarının biyoaktif özelliklerinin FT-IR spektroskopi yöntemiyle tahmin edilmesi. Akademik Gıda, 16(1), 20-26.
• [5] Zhang, W.E., Wang, C.L., Shi, B.B., Pan, X.J. (2017). Effect of storage temperature and time on the nutritional quality of walnut male inflorescences. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 25(2), 374–384.
• [6] FAOSTAT, (2023). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. 1 1 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. [Accessed 01 03 2023].
• [7] TÜİK, (2021). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
• [8] Pop, C., Suharoschi, R., Pop, O.L. (2021). Dietary fiber and prebiotic compounds in fruits and vegetables food waste. Sustainability, 13(13), 7219.
• [9] Chrzanowski, G., Leszczynski, B., Czerniewicz, P., Sytykiewicz, H., Matok H., Krzyzanowski, R. (2011). Phenolic acids of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Herba Polonica, 57(2), 22-27.
• [10] Sharma, M. Sharma, M., Sharma, M. (2022). A comprehensive review on ethnobotanical, medicinal and nutritional potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 88(4), 601–616.
• [11] Hosseini, S.E., Karimzadeh, K. (2013). Effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of walnut male flowers on diabetic rats. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(11), 55-58.
• [12] Tanoeyadi, S., Tsunoda, T., Takuya, I., Benjamin, P., Mahmud, T. (2023). Acarbose may function as a competitive exclusion agent for the producing bacteria. ACS Chem. Biol., 18(2), 367–376.
• [13] Li, Y., Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Xu, J., Cheng, S. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chemistry, 96(2), 254-260.
• [14] Dorman, H.J.D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M.J. (2003). Characterisation of the antioxidant properties of de-odourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 83(2), 255–262.
• [15] Nyambe-Silavwe, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J.A., Ifie, I., Holmes, M., Aydin, E., Jensen J.M., Williamson, G. (2015). Inhibition of human α-amylase by dietary polyphenols. Journal of Functional Foods,19, 723–732.
• [16] Gao, H., Huang, Y.N., Xu, P.Y., Kawabata, J. (2007). Inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase by the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 628–634.
• [17] Wang, C., Zhang W., Pan, X. (2014). Nutritional quality of the walnut male inflorescences at four flowering stages. Journal of Food Nutrition Research, 2(8), 457–464.
• [18] Yu, C., Li, S., Zhang, X., Ma, A., Cao, Z., Qi, G., Guo S., Tian, Y. (2022). Purification and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of phenolics extracted from male walnut flowers. International Journal of Food Properties, 25(1), 792–1803.
• [19] Żurek, N., Pawłowska, A., Pycia, K., Grabek-Lejko D., Kapusta, I.T. (2022). Phenolic profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activity of Juglans regia L. male flowers. Molecules, 27(9), 2762.
• [20] Pereira, J.A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P.B., Ferreira, I.C. F.R. Ferreres, F., Bento, A. Seabra, R., Estevinho, L. (2007). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(11), 2287–2295.
• [21] Pycia, K., Kapusta, I., Jaworska, G. (2019). Impact of the degree of maturity of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and their variety on the antioxidant potential and the content of tocopherols and polyphenols. Molecules, 24(16), 2936.
• [22] Zhang, Y.G., Kan, H., Chen, S.X., Thakur, K., Wang, S., Zhang, J G., Shang, Y.F., Wei, Z.F. (2020). Comparison of phenolic compounds extracted from Diaphragma juglandis fructus, walnut pellicle, and flowers of Juglans regia using methanol, ultrasonic wave, and enzyme assisted-extraction. Food Chemistry, 321, 126672.
• [23] Muzaffer, U., Paul, V.I. (2018). Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of male flower of Juglans regia L. International Journal of Food Properties, 21(1), 345–356.
• [24] Nabavi, S.F., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Mahmoudi M., Rad, S.K. (2011). Biological activities of Juglans regia flowers. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21, 465–470.
• [25] Bourais, S., Elmarrkechy, D., Taha, Y., Mourabit, A., Bouyahya, M., El Yadini, O., Machich, S., El Hajjaji, H., El Boury, N., Dakka, Iba, N. (2022). Review on medicinal uses, nutritional value, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer potential related to bioactive compounds of J. regia. Food Reviews International, p. 1–51.
• [26] Asgary, S.. Parkhideh, S.. Solhpour, A. Madani, H. Mahzouni P., Rahimi, P. (2008). Effect of ethanolic extract of Juglans regia L. on blood sugar in diabetes-induced rats.,” Journal of Medicinal Food, 11(3), 533–538.
• [27] Ćorković, A., Pichler, I., Buljeta, J., Šimunović, J., Kopjar, M. (2021). Carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels: Effect of its different amount on preservation of tart cherry anthocyanins and polyphenols. Current Plant Biology, 28, 100222.
• [28] De Souza, V.B., Thomazini, M., Echalar Barrientos, M.A., Nalin, C.M., Ferro-Furtado, R., Genovese M.I., Favaro-Trindade, C.S. (2018). Functional properties and encapsulation of a proanthocyanidin-rich cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) by complex coacervation using gelatin and different polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids, 77, 297–306.
• [29] Forino, M., Stiuso, P., Lama, S., Ciminiello, P., Tenore, G.C., Novellino, E., Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (2016). Bioassay-guided identification of the antihyperglycaemic constituents of walnut (Juglans regia) leaves. Journal of Functional Foods, 26, 731–738.
• [30] Hosseini, S., Jamshidi, L., Mehrzadi, S., Mohammad, K., Najmizadeh, A.R., Alimoradi H., Huseini, H.F. (2014). Effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extract on hyperglycemia and lipid profiles in type two diabetic patients: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 152(3), 451–456.
• [31] Krishnan, V., Verma, P., Saha, S., Singh, B., Vinutha, T., Kumar, R.R., Kulshreshta, A., Singh, S.P., Sathyavathi, T.A., Sachdev, A., Praveen, S. (2022). Polyphenol-enriched extract from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) inhibits key enzymes involved in post prandial hyper glycemia (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) and regulates hepatic glucose uptake. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 43, 1-13.
• [32] Lavelli, V., Sri Harsha, P.S., Pagliarini, E. (2017). Degradation kinetics of encapsulated grape skin phenolics and micronized grape skins in various water activity environments and criteria to develop wide-ranging and tailor-made food applications. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 39, 156–164.
• [33] Liu, W,. Zhang, J., Zhang, Q., Shan, Y. (2018). Effects of postharvest chilling and heating treatments on the sensory quality and antioxidant system of daylily flowers. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 59(5), 671–685.
• [34] Mollica, G., Zengin, M., Locatelli, A., Stefanucci, G., Macedonio, G., Bellagamba, O., Onaolapo, A., Onaolapo, F., Azeez, A., Ayileka, Novellino, E. (2017). An assessment of the nutraceutical potential of Juglans regia L. leaf powder in diabetic rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107, 554–564.
• [35] Rahimzadeh, M., Jahanshahi, S., Moein, S., Moein, M.R. (2014). Evaluation of alpha-amylase inhibition by Urtica dioica and Juglans regia extracts. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 17(6), 465.