Popüler Diyet Akımlarının Vücut Ağırlığı ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2021, , 98 - 107, 26.04.2021

Sefa Can Küçük , Artun Yıbar

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.927722

Cited By: 6

Öz

Obezite, küresel boyutta önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Hafif şişmanlık ve obezite; kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve tip 2 diyabet başta olmak üzere kısa ve uzun süreli sağlık sorunlarına zemin hazırlayarak morbidite ve mortalite oranını arttırmaktadır. Dünyadaki birçok kişi vücut ağırlığını azaltmak veya korumak için çeşitli diyetler yapmaktadır. Ancak, insanlar daha hızlı zayıflamanın yolları ile daha yakından ilgilenmektedir. İnsanların estetik kaygılarını, daha az çaba ile daha iyi görünme ve daha iyi hissetme zaaflarını bilen kişilerce popüler diyetler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede, güncel literatür eşliğinde popüler diyet uygulamalarının kısa ve uzun dönemdeki vücut ağırlığı ve sağlık üzerine olası etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Popüler diyetler, Detoks diyeti, Glutensiz diyet, Ketojenik diyet, Aralıklı oruç diyeti

Effect of Popular Diet Trends on Body Weight and Health

Öz

Obesity is an important public health problem on a global scale. Overweight and obesity increase the morbidity and mortality rates leading up to short and long-term health problems, especially cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. However, people are more interested in techniques to lose weight faster. At the same time, people are looking for ways to lose weight more quickly. Popular diets come to the forefront by people who know the aesthetic concerns of people, the weaknesses of good-looking and feeling better with less effort. In this review, it is aimed to evaluate the possible effects of popular dietary practices on short and long-term body weight and health in the light of current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Popular diets, Detox diet, Gluten-free diet, Ketogenic diet, Intermittent fasting diet

Kaynakça

• [1] Daniele, N.D., Noce, A., Vidiri, M.F., Moriconi, E., Marrone, G., Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, M., D’Urso, G., Tesauro, M., Rovella, V., Lorenzo, A. (2017). Impact of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome, cancer and longevity. Oncotarget, 8(5), 8947-8979.
• [2] Bhupathiraju, S.N., Hu, F.B. (2016). Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circulation Research, 118(11), 1723-1735.
• [3] Collins, K.H., Herzog, W., MacDonald, G.Z., Reimer, R.A., Rios, J.L., Smith, L.C., Zernicke, R.F., Hart, D.A. (2018). Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and musculoskeletal disease: Common inflammatory pathways suggest a central role for loss of muscle integrity. Frontiers in Physiology, 112(9), 1-25.
• [4] Jantaratnotai, N., Mosikanon, K., Lee, Y., Mclntyre, R.S. (2017). The interface of depression and obesity. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice. 11(1), 1-10.
• [5] Ramachandran, D., Kite, J., Vassallo, A.J., Chau, J.Y., Partridge, S., Freeman B., Gill, T. (2018). Food trends and popular nutrition advice online-Implications for public health. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 10(2), 1-15.
• [6] Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi 2015 (TÜBER). (Erişim Tarihi:28.01.2019) Erişim adresi: https://okulsagligi.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2017_01/27102535_TYrkiye_Beslenme_Rehberi.pdf.
• [7] Ural, D., Kılıçkap, M., Göksülük, H., Karaaslan, D., Kayıkçıoğlu, M., Özer, N., Barçın, C., Yılmaz, M.B., Abacı, A., Şengül, Ş., Arınsoy, T., Erdem, Y., Sanioğlu, Y., Şahin, M., Tokgözoğlu, L. (2018). Data on prevalence of obesity and waist circumference in Turkey: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta regression of epidemiological studies on cardiovascular risk factors. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği, 46(7), 577-590.
• [8] World Health Organization. (2020). Obesity and overweight. [Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020] Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
• [9] Navruz, S., Acar-Tek, N. (2014). Yüksek proteinli diyet akımlarının vücut ağırlığının korunması ve sağlık üzerine kısa ve uzun dönemli etkileri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 656-673.
• [10] Pew Research Center. (2011). The social life of health information, 2011. [Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020] Erişim adresi: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/05/12/the-social-life-of-health-information-2011/.
• [11] Pew Research Center. (2006). Online Health Search 2006. [Erişim Tarihi: 10.03.2020] Erişim adresi https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2006/10/29/online-health-search-2006/.
• [12] Bryngelsson, S., Asp, N.G. (2005). Popular diets, body weight and health: What is scientifically documented? Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition, 49(1), 15-20.
• [13] Boylan, S., Louie, J.C., Gill, T.P. (2012). Consumer response to healthy eating, physical activity and weight-related recommendations: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 13(7): 606-617.
• [14] Genuis, S.J. (2011). Elimination of persistent toxicants from the human body. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 30(1), 3-18.
• [15] İstanbulluoğlu, H., Tekbaş, Ö.F. (2013). Kalıcı organik kirleticiler (KOK). Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 70(3), 163-174.
• [16] Hengstler, J.G., Forth, H., Gebel, T., Kramer, P.J., Lilienblum, W., Schweinfurth, H., Völkel, W., Wollin, K.M., Gundert-Remy, U. (2011). Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of Exposure to bisphenol A. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(4), 263-291.
• [17] Durmaz, E., Koçer-Giray, B. (2013). Çevresel bir endokrin bozucu: Bisfenol A ve toksik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 56(4), 192-199.
• [18] Klein, A.V., Kiat, H. (2014). Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(6), 675-686.
• [19] Obert, J., Pearlman, M., Obert, L., Chapin, S. (2017). Popular weight loss strategies: A review of four weight loss techniques. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 19(12), 1-4.
• [20] Sainsbury, A., Zhang, L. (2010). Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 316(2), 109-119.
• [21] Tomiyama, A.J., Mann, T., Vinas, D., Hunger, J.M., Dejager, J., Taylor, S.E. (2010) Low calorie dieting increases cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(4), 357-364.
• [22] Getting, J.E., Gregoire, J.R., Phul, A., Kasten, M.J. (2013). Oxalate nephropathy due to ‘juicing’: Case report and review. The American Journal of Medicine, 126(9), 768-772.
• [23] Makkapati, S., D’Agati, V.D., Balsam, L. (2018). “Green smoothie cleanse” causing acute oxalate nephropathy. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 71(2), 281-286.
• [24] Isner, J.M., Sours, H.E., Paris, A.L., Ferrans, V.J., Roberts, W.C. (1979). Sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet. Circulation, 60(6), 1401-1412.
• [25] Sanchez, B., Casalots-Casado, J., Quintana, S., Arroyo, A., Martin-Fumado, C., Galtes, I. Fatal manganese intoxication due to an error in the elaboration of Epsom salts for a liver cleansing diet. Forensic Science International, 223, e1-e4.
• [26] Lebwohl, B., Cao, Y., Zong, G., Hu, F.B., Green, P.H.R., Neugut, A., Rimm, E.B., Sampson, L., Dougherty, L.W., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W.C., Sun, Q., Chan, A.T. (2017). Long term gluten consumption in adults without celiac disease and risk of coronary heart disease: Prospective cohort study. BMJ, 357(2), 1-40.
• [27] Larretxi, I., Simon, E., Benjumea, L., Miranda, J., Bustamante, M.A., Lasa, A., Eizaguirre, F.J., Churruca, I. (2019). Gluten-free-rendered products contribute to imbalanced diets in children and adolescents with celiac disease. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(2), 775-783.
• [28] Alpat, İ., Dumlu-Bilgin, G. (2018). Glutensiz diyet: Trend mi yoksa tedavi yöntemi mi? Uluslararası Hakemli Beslenme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12, 83-116.
• [29] Gaillard, L.A. (2016). Navigating gluten-related health disorders and Nutritional considerations of gluten-free diets. North Carolina Medical Journal, 77(3), 180-182.
• [30] Choung, R.S., Unalp-Arida, A., Ruhl, C.E., Brantner, T.L., Everhart, J.E., Murray, J.A. (2018). Less hidden celiac disease but increased gluten avoidance without a diagnosis in the USA: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2009 to 2014. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 92(1), 30-38.
• [31] Igbinedion, S.O. Ansari, J., Vasikaran, A., Gavins, F.N., Jordan, P. Boktor, M., Alexander, J.S. (2017). Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: All wheat attack is not celiac. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(40), 7201-7210.
• [32] ReportLinler (2018). Global gluten free products market analysis (2018-2024). [Erişim Tarihi:28.01.2019] Erişim adresi: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05593685/Global-Gluten-Free-Products-Market-Analysis.html.
• [33] Patel, N.K., Lacy, B.E. (2018). Another reason to avoid the gluten-free fad? Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(2), 184-185.
• [34] Diamanti, A., Capriati, T., Basso, M.S., Panetta, F., Laurora, V.M.C., Bellucci, F., Cristofori, F., Francavilla, R. (2014). Celiac disease and overweight in children: An update. Nutrients, 6(1), 207-220.
• [35] Saturni, L., Ferretti, G., Bacchetti, T. (2010). The gluten-free diet: Safety and nutritional quality. Nutrients, 2(1), 16-34.
• [36] Vici, G., Belli, L., Biondi, M., Polzonett, V. (2016). Gluten free diet and nutrition deficiencies: A review. Clinical Nutrition, 35(6): 1236-1241.
• [37] Sue, A., Dehlsen, K., Ooi, C.Y. (2018). Pediatric patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet: Nutritional adequacy and macro-and micronutrient imbalances. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 20(1), 2.
• [38] Kikut, J., Konecka, N., Szczuko, M. (2019). Quantitative assessment of Nutrition and nutritional status of patients with celiac disease aged 13-18. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 70(4), 359-367.
• [39] Palma, G.D., Nadal, I., Collado, M.C., Sanz, Y. (2009). Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects. The British Journal of Nutrition, 102(8), 1154-1160.
• [40] Sanz, Y. (2010). Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans. Gut Microbes, 1(3), 135-137.
• [41] Bonder, M.J., Tigchelaar, E.F., Cai, X., Trynka, G., Cenit, M.C., Hrdlickova, B., Zhong, H., Vatanen, T., Gevers, D., Wijmenga, C., Wang, Y., Zhernakova, A. (2016). The influence of a short-term gluten-free diet on the human gut microbiome. Genome Medicine, 45(8), 1-11.
• [42] Punshon, T., Jackson, B.P. (2018). Essential micronutrient and toxic trace element concentrations in gluten containing and gluten-free foods. Food Chemistry, 252(30), 258-264.
• [43] Bulka, C.M., Davis, M.A., Karagas, M.R., Ahsan, H., Argos, M. (2017). The unintended consequences of a gluten-free diet. Epidemiology, 28(3), 24-25.
• [44] Elli, L., Branchi, F., Tomba, C., Villalta, D., Norsa, L., Ferretti, F., Roncoroni, L., Bardella, M.T. (2015). Diagnosis of gluten related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(23), 7110-7119.
• [45] Tennyson, C.A., Simpson, S., Lebwohl, B., Lewis, S., Green, P.H. (2013). Interest in medical therapy for celiac disease. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 6(5), 358-364.
• [46] Shah, S., Akbari, M., Vanga, R., Kelly, C.P., Hansen, J., Theethira, T., Tariq, S., Dennis, M., Leffer, D.A. (2014). Patient perceptions of treatment burden is high in celiac disease compared with other common conditions. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 109(9), 1304-1311.
• [47] Burden, M., Mooney, P.D., Blanshard, R.J., White, W.L., Cambray-Deakin, D.R., Sanders, D.S. (2015). Cost and availability of gluten-free food in the UK: in store and online. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 91(1081), 622-626.
• [48] Missbach, B., Schwingshackl, L., Billmann, A., Mystek, A., Hickelsberger, M., Bauer, G., König, J. (2015). Gluten-free food database: the nutritional quality and cost of packaged gluten-free foods. Peer J, 3, e1337.
• [49] Masood, W., Uppaluri, K.R. (2018). Ketogenic Diet. StatPearls. [Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2019] Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/. [50] Neal, E.G., Cross, J.H. (2010). Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy. Journal of Human Nutrition Diet, 23(2), 113-119.
• [51] McDonald, T.J.W., Cervenka, M.C. (2018). The expanding role of ketogenic diets in adult neurological disorders. Brain Sciences, 8(8), 1-16.
• [52] Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J.S., Grimaldi, K.A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: A review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(8), 789-796.
• [53] Paoli, A. (2014). Ketogenic Diet for obesity: Friend or foe? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(2), 2092-2107.
• [54] Bueno, N.B., Melo, I.S., Oliveira, S.L., Rocha, A.T. (2013). Very-low-carbonhydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The British Journal of Nutrition, 110(7): 1178-1187.
• [55] Davidson, T.L., Hargrave, S.L., Swithers, S.E., Sample, C.H., Fu, X., Kinzig, K.P., Zheng, W. (2013). Inter-relationship among diet, obesity and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function. Neuroscience, 253: 110-122.
• [56] Kemper, M.F., Srivastava, S., Todd, K.M., Clarke, K., Veech, R.L., Pawlosky, R.J. (2015). An ester of ß-hydroxybutyrate regulates cholesterol biosynthesis in rats and a cholesterol biomarker in humans. Lipids, 50(12): 1185-1193.
• [57] Gibson, A.A., Seimon, R.V., Lee, C.M., Ayre, J., Franklin, J., Markovic, T.P., Caterson, I.D., Sainsbury, A. (2015). Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 16(1): 64-76.
• [58] Goday, A., Bellido, D., Sajoux, I., Crujeiras, A.B., Burguera, b., Garcia-Luna, P.P., Oleaga, A., Moreno, B., Casanueva, F.F. (2016). Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition & Diabetes, 6(9): e230.
• [59] Kosinski, C., Jornayvaz, F.R. (2017). Effects of ketogenic diets on cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from animal and human studies. Nutrients, 9(5), 1-16.
• [60] Tay, J., Luscombe-Marsh, N.D., Thompson, C.H., Noakes, M., Buckley, J.D., Wittert, G.A., Yancy, W.S., Brinkworth, G.D. (2015). Comparison of low-and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102(4), 780-790.
• [61] Ellenbroek, J.H., van Dijck, L., Töns, H.A., Rabelink, T.J., Carlotti, F., Ballieux, B.E., de Koning, E.J. (2014). Long-term ketogenic diet causes glucose intolerance and reduced ß-and α-cell mass but no weight loss in mice. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 306(5), 552-558.
• [62] Paoli, A., Moro, T., Bosco, G., Bianco, A., Grimaldi, K.A., Camporesi, E., Mangar, D. (2015). Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet. Marine Drugs, 13(2), 996-1009.
• [63] Cicero, A.F., Benelli, M., Brancaleoni, M., Dainelli, G., Merlini, D., Negri, R. (2015). Middle and long-term impact of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet on cardiometabolic factors: A multi-center, cross-sectional, clinical study. High Blood Pressure & Cardovascular Prevention, 22(4), 389-394.
• [64] Tay, J., Luscombe-Marsh, N.D., Thompson, C.H., Noakes, M., Buckley, J.D., Wittert, G.A., Yancy, W.S., Brinkworth, G.D. (2014). A very low-carbonhyrate, low-saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Diabetes Care, 37(11), 2909-2918.
• [65] Holland, A.M., Kephart, W.C., Mumford, P.W., Mobley, C.B., Lowery, R.P., Shake, J.J., Patel, R.K., Healy, J.C., McCullough, D.J., Kluess, H.A., Huggins, K.W., Kavazis, A.N., Wilson, J.M., Roberts, M.D. (2016). Effects of a ketogenic diet on adipose tissue, liver, and serum biomarkers in sedentary rats and rats that exercised via resisted voluntary Wheel running. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 311(2), 337-351.
• [66] Gupta, L., Khandelwal, D., Kalra, S., Gupta, P., Dutta, D., Aggarwal, S. (2017). Ketogenic diet in endocrine disorders: Current perspectives. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 63(4), 242-251.
• [67] Brouns, F. (2018). Overweight and diabetes prevention: Is a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet recommendable? European Journal of Nutrition, 57(4), 1301-1312.
• [68] Heikura, I.A., Burke, L.M., Hawley, J.A., Ross, M.L., Garvican-Lewis, L., Sharma, A.P., McKay, A.K.A., Leckey, J.J., Welvaert, M., McCall, L., Ackerman, K.E. (2019). A short-term ketogenic diet imparis markers of bone health in response to exercise. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 880.
• [69] Patterson, R.E., Laughlin, G.A., Sears, D.D., LaCroix, A.Z., Marinac, C., Gallo, L.C., Hartman, S.J., Natarajan, L., Senger, C.M., Martinez, M.E., Villasenor, A. (2015). Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(8), 1203-1212.
• [70] Varady, K.A., Hellerstein, M.K. (2007). Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease Prevention: A review of human and animal trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(1), 7-13.
• [71] Bhutani, S., Klempel, M.C., Kroeger, C.M., Trepanowski, J.F., Varady, K.A. (2013). Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity, 21(7), 1370-1379.
• [72] Varady, K.A., Dam, V.T., Klempel, M.C., Horne, M., Cruz, R., Kroeger, C.M., Santosa, S. (2015). Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles. Scientific Reports, 5, 7561.
• [73] Heilbronn, L.K., Smith, S.R., Martin, C.K., Anton, S.D., Ravussin, E. (2005). Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: Effects on body weight, body Composition, and energy metabolism. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1), 69-73.
• [74] Horne, B.D., Muhlestein, J.B., Lappe, D.L., May, H.T., Carlquist, J.F., Galenko, O., Brunisholz, K.D., Anderson, J.L. (2013). Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(11), 1050-1057.
• [75] Antoni, R., Johnston, K.L., Collins, A.L., Robertson, M.D. (2016). Investigation into the acute effects of total and partial energy restriction on postprandial metabolism among overweight/obese participants. The British Journal of Nutrition, 115(6), 951-959.
• [76] Trepanowski, J.F., Kroeger, C.M., Barnosky, A., Klempel, M.C., Bhutani, S., Hoddy, K.K., Gabel, K., Freels, S., Rigdon, J., Rood, J., Ravussin, E., Varady, K.A. (2017). Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight Maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolic healthy obese adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(7), 930-938.
• [77] Appleton, K.M., Baker, S. (2015). Distraction, not hunger, is associated with lower mood and lower perceived work performance on fast compared to non-fast days during intermittent fasting. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(6), 702-711.
• [78] Varady, K.A., Bhutani, S., Klempel, M.C., Kroeger, C.M., Trepanowski, J.F., Haus, J.M., Hoddy, K.K., Calvo, Y. (2013). Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal, 12, 146.
• [79] Harvie, M., Wright, C., Pegington, M., McMullan, D., Mitchell, E., Martin, B., Cutler, R.G., Evans, G., Whiteside, S., Maudsley, S., Camandola, S., Wang, R., Carlson, O.D., Egan, J.M., Mattson, M.P., Howell, A. (2013). The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. The British Journal of Nutrition, 110(8), 1534-1547.
• [80] Eshghinia, S., Mohammadzadeh, F. (2013). The effects of modified alternate-day fasting diet on weight loss and CAD risk factors in overweight and obese women. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 12, 4.
• [81] Patterson, R.E., Laughlin, G.A., Sears, D.D., LaCroix, A.Z., Marinac, C., Gallo, L.C., Hartman, S.J., Natarajan, L., Senger, C.M., Martinez,M.E., Villasenor, A. (2015). Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(8), 1203-1212.
• [82] Patterson, R.E., Sears, D.D. (2017). Metabolic Effects of intermittent fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition, 37, 371-93.
• [83] Rothschild, J., Hoddy, K.K., Jambazian, P., Varady, K.A. (2014). Time-restricted fasting and risk of metabolic disease: A review of human and animal studies. Nutrition Reviews, 72(5), 308-318.
• [84] Longo, V.D., Panda, S. (2016). Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time restricted fasting in healthy lifespan. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1048-1059.
• [85] Sherman, H., Frumin, I., Gutman, R., Chapnik, N., Lorentz, A., Meylan, J., Coutre, J., Froy, O. (2011). Long-term restricted fasting alters circadian expression and reduces the level of inflammatory and disease markers. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 15(12), 2745-2759.
• [86] Chung, H., Chou, W., Sears, D.D., Patterson, R.E., Webster, N.J., Ellies, L.G. (2016). Time-restricted feeding improves insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in a Mouse model of postmenopausal obesity. Metabolism, 65(12), 1743-1754.
• [87] Moro, T., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., Marcolin, G., Pacelli, Q.F., Battaglia, G., Palma, A., Gentil, P., Neri, M., Paoli, A. (2016). Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted fasting (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1), 290.
• [88] Sundaram, S., Yan, L. (2016). Time-restricted feding reduces adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutrition Research, 36(6), 603-611.
• [89] Olsen, M.K., Choi, M.H., Kulseng, B., Zhao, C.M., Chen, D. (2017). Time-restricted fasting on weekdays restricts weight gain: A study using rat models of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Physology & Behavior, 173, 298-304.
• [90] Woodie, L.N., Luo, Y., Wayne, M.J., Graff, E.C., Ahmed, B., O’Neill, A.M., Greene, M.W. (2018). Restricted fasting for 9h in the active period partially abrogates the detrimental metabolic effects of a Western diet with liquid sugar consumption in mice. Metabolism, 82, 1-13.
• [91] Sadeghirad, B., Motaghipisheh, S., Kolahdooz, F., Zahedi, M.J., Haghdoost, A.A. (2014). Islamic fasting and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutrition, 17(2), 396-406.
• [92] Kul, S., Savaş, Ö., Öztürk, Z.A., Karadağ, G. (2014). Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(3), 929-942.
• [93] Mattson, M.P., Longo, V.D., Harvie, M. (2017). Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing Research Reviews, 39, 46-58.
• [94] Tinsley, G.M., Forsse, J.S, Butler, N.K., Paoli, A., Bane, A.A., La Bounty, P.M., Morgan, G.B., Grandjean, P.W. (2017). Time-restricted feding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(2), 200-207.
• [95] Stockman, M.C., Thomas, D., Burke, J., Apovian, C.M. (2018). Intermittent fasting: Is the wait worth the weight? Current Obesity Reports, 7(2), 172-185.
• [96] Zurita-Ortega, F., Roman-Mata, S.S., Chacon-Cuberos, R., Castro-Sanchez, M., Muros, J.J. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in associated with physical activity, self-concept and sociodemographic factors in University student. Nutrients, 10(8), 1-11.
• [97] Medina, F.X. (2009). Mediterranean diet, cultures and heritage: Challenges for a new conception. Public Health Nutrition, 12(9A), 1618-1620.
• [98] Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Hershey, M.S., Zazpe, I., Trichopoulou, A. (2017). Transferability of the Mediterranean Diet to Non-Mediterranean countries. What is and what is not the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 9(11), 1-14.
• [99] Azzini, E., Maiani, G., Turrini, A., Intorre, F., Feudo, G.L., Capone, R., Bottalico, F., Bilali, H.E., Polito, A. (2018). The health-nutrition dimension: A methodological approach to assess the nutritional sustainability of typical agro-food products and the Mediterranean diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(10), 3684-3705.
• [100] Galbete, C., Schwingshackl, L., Schwedhelm, C., Boeing, H., Schulze, M.B. (2018). Evaluating Mediterranean diet and risk of chronic disease in cohort studies: An umbrella review of meta-analysis. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33(10), 909-931.
• [101] Dernini, S., Berry, E.M. (2015). Mediterranean diet: from a healthy diet to a sustainable dietary pattern. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2, 15.
• [102] Romagnolo, D.F., Selmin, O.I. (2017). Mediterranean diet and prevention of chronic diseases. Nutrition Today, 52(5), 208-222.
• [103] Berry, E.M. (2019). Sustainable food systems and the Mediterranean diet. Nutrients, 11(9), 2229.