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Use of Biosensors for Determination of Lactose in Milk

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 33 - 42, 01.03.2016

Öz

Lactose content of milk is a basic indicator for the evaluation of milk quality. Various methods are used for the determination of lactose; however, many of these methods are generally time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive for routine quality control applications. Biosensors offer a cheap, quick, and reliable alternative for lactose determination. Until today many different types of biosensors have been developed. These biosensors are mostly enzyme sensors, which are developed by the immobilization of different enzymes, based on amperometric and conductivity measurements. In this present study, the structure and properties of biosensors are presented, and studies on different enzyme biosensors developed for the determination of lactose using different immobilization methods and materials are reviewed

Kaynakça

  • [1] Eshkenazi, I., Maltz, E., Zion, B., Rishpon, J., 2000. The three-cascaded enzymes biosensor to determine lactose concentration in raw milk. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 1939-1945.
  • [2] Smutok, O., Gayda, G., Dmytruk, K., Klepach, H., Nisnevitch, M., Sibirny, A., Puchalski, C., Broda, D., Schuhmann, W., Gonchar, M., Sibirny, V., 2011. Biosensors - Emerging Materials and Applications (Editor: Serra, P. A.), Intech, Croatia, pp. 401-446.
  • [3] Thevenot, D.R., Toth, K., Durst, R.A., Wilson, G.S., 1999. Electrochemical biosensors: recommendation definitions and classification. Pure Applied Chemistry 71: 2333-2348.
  • [4] Thevenot, D.R., Toth, K., Durst, R.A., Wilson, G.S., 2001. Electrochemical biosensors: recommendation definitions and classification. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 16: 121-131.
  • [5] Telefoncu, A., 1999. Biyoensörler. (Editör: Telefoncu, A.) Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Baskı Atölyesi, İzmir.
  • [6] Shaikh, S.M., Patil, M.A., 2012. Analysis, designing and working principal of optical fiber (OF) biosensors. International Journal of Engineering and Sciences 1: 52-57.
  • [7] Vargas-Bernal, R., Rodirguez-Miranda, E., HerreraPerez, G., 2012. Pesticides - Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides. (Editor: Soundararajan, R.P.), Intech, Croatia, pp. 329-356.
  • [8] Zhao, Z., Jiang, H., 2010. Biosensors. (Editor: Serra, P. A.) Intech, Croatia, pp.1-21.
  • [9] Malhotra, B.D., Singhal, R., Chaubey, A., Sharmai S.K., Kumar, A., 2005. Recent trends in biosensors. Current Applied Physics 5: 92-97.
  • [10] Bahadır, E.B., Sezgintürk, M.K., 2015. Applications of commercial biosensors in clinical, food, environmental, and biothreat/biowarfare analyses. Analytical Biochemistry 478: 107-120.
  • [11] Gerard, M., Chaubey, A., Malhotra, B.D., 2002. Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 17: 345–359.
  • [12] Mello, L.D., Kubota, L.T., 2002. Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries. Food Chemistry 77: 237-256.
  • [13] Otlu, B., 2011. Biyosensörler: biyoreseptör moleküller. 6 th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), 16-18 Mayıs, Bildiriler Kitabı Sayfa: 5-7, Elazığ.
  • [14] Luong, J.H.T., Male, K.B.M., Glennon, J.D., 2008. Biosensor technology: Technology push versus market pull. Biotechnology Advances 26: 492-500.
  • [15] Marrakchi, M., Dzyadevych, S.V., Lagarde, F., Martelet, C., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., 2008. Conductometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase and beta-galactosidase for specific lactose determination in milk. Materials Science and Engineering C 28: 872-875.
  • [16] Jasti, L.S., Dola, S.R., Fadnavis, N.W., Addepally, U., Daniels, S., Ponrathnam, S., 2014. Co-immobilized glucose oxidase and –galactosidase on bovine serum albumin coated allyl glycidyl ether (AGE)-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) copolymer as a biosensor for lactose determination in milk. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 64-65: 67-73.
  • [17] Nguyen, B.H., Nguyen, B.T., Vu, H.V., Nguyen, C.V., Nguyen, D.T., Nguyen, L.T., Vu, T.T., Tran, L.D., 2016. Development of label-free electrochemical lactose biosensor based on graphene/poly(1,5- diaminonaphthalene) film. Current Applied Physics 16: 135-140.
  • [18] Manowitz, P., Stoecker, P.W., Yacynych, A.M., 1995. Galactose biosensors using composite polymers to prevent interferences. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10: 359-370.
  • [19] Sharma, S.K., Suman, Pundir, C.S., Sehgal, N., Kumar, A., 2006. Galactose sensor based on galactose oxidase immobilized in polyvinyl formal. Sensors and Actuators B 119: 15-19.
  • [20] Gürsoy, O., Celik G., Sen Gürsoy, S. 2014. Electrochemical biosensor based on surfactant doped polypyrrole (PPy) matrix for lactose determination. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131: 40200.
  • [21] Cosnier, S., Gondran, C., Watelet, J.-C., Giovani, W.D., Furriel, R.P.M., Leone, F.A. 1998. A bienzyme electrode (alkaline phosphatase-polyphenol oxidase) for the amperometric determination of phospahe. Anal. Chem. 70: 3952-3956.
  • [22] Akyilmaz, E., Turemis, M., 2010. An inhibition type alkaline phosphatase biosensor for amperometric determination of caffeine. Electrochimica Acta 55: 5195-5199.
  • [23] Kafi, A.K.M., Wu,G., Chen, A., 2008. A novel hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto Aumodified titanium dioxide nanotube arrays. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24: 566-571.
  • [24] Li, W., Yuan, R., Chai, Y., Zhou, L., Chen, S., Li, N., 2008. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on chitosan/silica sol-gel hybrid membranes for the preparation of hydrogen peroxide biosensor. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 830-837.
  • [25] Sharma, S.K., Singhal, R., Malhotra, B.D., Sehgal, N., Kumar, A., 2004. Lactose biosensor based on Langmuir-Blodgett films of poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20: 651-657.
  • [26] Turner, A.P.F., Karube, I., Wilson, G.S., 1987. Biosensors Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford Univeristy Press, Oxford
  • [27] Kress-Rogers, E., 1998. Instrumentation and Sensors for the Food Industry; Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, England.
  • [28] Fox P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H., 1998. Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
  • [29] Dekker, P.J.T., Daamen, C.B.G., 2011. Enzymes exogenous to milk in dairy technology. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 2, Academic Press, London, pp. 276-282.
  • [30] Swallow, D.M., 2011. Lactose intolerance. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 3, Academic Press, London, pp. 236-239.
  • [31] Alm, L. 2002. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Editors: Roginski, H., Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F.) Academic Press, London, pp. 1533-1539.
  • [32] Gürsoy, O., Kınık, Ö., Gönen, İ., 2005. Probiyotikler ve gastrointestinal sağlığa etkileri. Türk Mikrobiyol. Cem. Derg. 35: 136-148.
  • [33] Tuohy, K.M., Probert, H.M., Smejkal, C.W., Gibson, G.R., 2003. Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health. Drug Discovery Today 8: 692-700.
  • [34] Rasooly, A., Herold, K.E., 2011. Biosensors. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 1, Academic Press, London, pp. 235-240.
  • [35] Schaafsma, G., 2002. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. (Editors: Roginski, H., Fuquay, J. W., Fox, P. F.) Academic Press, London, pp. 1529-1533.
  • [36] De Souza, R.R., Bergamasco, R., Da Costa, S.C., Feng, X., Faria, S.H.B., Gimenes, M.L., 2010. Recovery and purification of lactose from whey. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 49: 1137-1143.
  • [37] Loechel, C., 1998. Amperometric bi-enzyme based biosensor for the detarmination of lactose with an extended linear range. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A 207: 381-385.
  • [38] Conzuelo, F., Gamella, M., Campuzano, S., Ruiz, M.A., Reviejo, A.J., Pingarron, J.M., 2010. An integrated amperometric biosensor for determination of lactose in milk and dairy products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 7141-7148.
  • [39] AOAC, 2005a. AOAC Official Method 930.28. Lactose in milk. Gravimetric method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [40] Abu-Lehia, I.H., 1987. A simple and rapid colorimetric method for lactose determination in milk. Food Chemistry 24: 233-240.
  • [41] AOAC, 2005. AOAC Official Method 896.01-1896. Lactose in milk. Polarimetric method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [42] AOAC, 2005. AOAC Official Method 984.15. Lactose in milk. Enzymatic method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [43] Harvey, J., 1988. A high performance liquid chromatography method for lactose determination in milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 43: 19- 20.
  • [44] IDF, 2007. ISO 22662:2007 (IDF 198:2007). Milk and milk products: Determination of lactose content by high-performance liquid chromatography (Reference method).
  • [45] Adanyi, N., Szabo E.E., Varadi, M., 1999. Mutlienzyme biosensors with amperometric detection for determination of lactose in milk and dairy products. Eur. Food. Res. Technol. 209: 220-226.
  • [46] Luinge, H.J., Hop, E., Lutz, E.T.G., van Hemert, J.A., de Jong, E.A.M., 1993. Determination of the fat, protein and lactose content of milk using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 284: 419-433.
  • [47] Petrushevska-Tozi, L., Bauer-Petrovska, B., 1997. Spectrophotometric determination of lactose in milk with PdCl2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45: 2112-2114.
  • [48] Stoica, L., Ludwig, R., Haltrich, D., Gorton, L., 2006. Third-generation biosensor for lactose based on newly discovered cellobiose dehydrogenase. Anal. Chem. 78: 393-398.
  • [49] Yakovleva, M., Buzas, O., Matsumura, H., Samejima, M., Igarashi, K., Larsson, P.O., Gorton, L., Danielsson B., 2012. A novel combined thermometric and amperometric biosensor for lactose determination based on immobilised cellobiose dehydrogenase. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 31: 251-256.
  • [50] Cosnier, S., Innocent, C., 1994. Detection of galactose and lactose by a poly(amphiphilic pyrrole)- galactose oxidase electrode. Analytical Letters 27(8): 1429-1442.
  • [51] Cosnier, S., 1998. Fabrication of amperometric biosensors by entrapment of enzymes in functionalized polypyrrole films. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 76: 1000-1007.
  • [52] Klee, B., John, E., Jähnig, F., 1992. A biosensor based on the membrane protein lactose permease. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 7(1-3): 376-379.
  • [53] Ottenbacher, D., Jähnig, F., Göpel, W., 1993. A prototype biosensor based on transport proteins: electrical transducers applied to lactose permease. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 13(1-3): 173-175.
  • [54] Svorc, J., Miertus, S., Barlikova, A., 1990. Hybrid biosensor for the determimation of lactose. Anal. Chem. 62: 1628-1631.
  • [55] Ammam M., Fransaer, J., 2010. Two-enzyme lactose biosensor based on β-galactosidase and glucose oxidase deposited by AC-electrophoresis: Characteristics and performance for lactose determination in milk. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 148: 583-589.
  • [56] Ferreira, L.S., Trierweiler, J.O., De Souza, M.B., Folly, R.O.M., 2004. A lactose FIA-biosensor system for monitoring and process control. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 21(2): 307-315.
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  • [58] Rajendran, V., Irudayaraj, J., 2002. Detection of glucose, galactose, and lactose in milk with a microdialysis-coupled flow injection amperometric sensor. Journal of Dairy Science 85(6): 1357-1361.
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Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 33 - 42, 01.03.2016

Öz

Sütün laktoz içeriği, süt kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde temel bir indikatördür. Sütte laktoz tayini için kullanılan yöntemlerin önemli bir bölümü zaman alıcı, nitelikli iş gücü gerektiren ve pahalı yöntemlerdir. Laktoz tayininde biyosensörlerin kullanımı ucuz, kolay ve hızlı bir alternatif olarak görülmektedir. Günümüze kadar farklı tiplerde laktoz biyosensörleri geliştirilmiştir. Bunlar, daha çok farklı enzimlerin immobilize edildiği, amperometrik ve iletkenlik ölçümlerine dayalı sensörlerdir. Bu çalışmada biyosensörlerin yapısı ve özellikleri ile ilgili bilgiler verildikten sonra farklı immobilizasyon metot ve materyalleri kullanılarak laktoz tayini için geliştirilen farklı enzim biyosensörleri ile ilgili çalışmalar derlenmiştir

Kaynakça

  • [1] Eshkenazi, I., Maltz, E., Zion, B., Rishpon, J., 2000. The three-cascaded enzymes biosensor to determine lactose concentration in raw milk. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 1939-1945.
  • [2] Smutok, O., Gayda, G., Dmytruk, K., Klepach, H., Nisnevitch, M., Sibirny, A., Puchalski, C., Broda, D., Schuhmann, W., Gonchar, M., Sibirny, V., 2011. Biosensors - Emerging Materials and Applications (Editor: Serra, P. A.), Intech, Croatia, pp. 401-446.
  • [3] Thevenot, D.R., Toth, K., Durst, R.A., Wilson, G.S., 1999. Electrochemical biosensors: recommendation definitions and classification. Pure Applied Chemistry 71: 2333-2348.
  • [4] Thevenot, D.R., Toth, K., Durst, R.A., Wilson, G.S., 2001. Electrochemical biosensors: recommendation definitions and classification. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 16: 121-131.
  • [5] Telefoncu, A., 1999. Biyoensörler. (Editör: Telefoncu, A.) Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Baskı Atölyesi, İzmir.
  • [6] Shaikh, S.M., Patil, M.A., 2012. Analysis, designing and working principal of optical fiber (OF) biosensors. International Journal of Engineering and Sciences 1: 52-57.
  • [7] Vargas-Bernal, R., Rodirguez-Miranda, E., HerreraPerez, G., 2012. Pesticides - Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides. (Editor: Soundararajan, R.P.), Intech, Croatia, pp. 329-356.
  • [8] Zhao, Z., Jiang, H., 2010. Biosensors. (Editor: Serra, P. A.) Intech, Croatia, pp.1-21.
  • [9] Malhotra, B.D., Singhal, R., Chaubey, A., Sharmai S.K., Kumar, A., 2005. Recent trends in biosensors. Current Applied Physics 5: 92-97.
  • [10] Bahadır, E.B., Sezgintürk, M.K., 2015. Applications of commercial biosensors in clinical, food, environmental, and biothreat/biowarfare analyses. Analytical Biochemistry 478: 107-120.
  • [11] Gerard, M., Chaubey, A., Malhotra, B.D., 2002. Application of conducting polymers to biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 17: 345–359.
  • [12] Mello, L.D., Kubota, L.T., 2002. Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries. Food Chemistry 77: 237-256.
  • [13] Otlu, B., 2011. Biyosensörler: biyoreseptör moleküller. 6 th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), 16-18 Mayıs, Bildiriler Kitabı Sayfa: 5-7, Elazığ.
  • [14] Luong, J.H.T., Male, K.B.M., Glennon, J.D., 2008. Biosensor technology: Technology push versus market pull. Biotechnology Advances 26: 492-500.
  • [15] Marrakchi, M., Dzyadevych, S.V., Lagarde, F., Martelet, C., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., 2008. Conductometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase and beta-galactosidase for specific lactose determination in milk. Materials Science and Engineering C 28: 872-875.
  • [16] Jasti, L.S., Dola, S.R., Fadnavis, N.W., Addepally, U., Daniels, S., Ponrathnam, S., 2014. Co-immobilized glucose oxidase and –galactosidase on bovine serum albumin coated allyl glycidyl ether (AGE)-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) copolymer as a biosensor for lactose determination in milk. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 64-65: 67-73.
  • [17] Nguyen, B.H., Nguyen, B.T., Vu, H.V., Nguyen, C.V., Nguyen, D.T., Nguyen, L.T., Vu, T.T., Tran, L.D., 2016. Development of label-free electrochemical lactose biosensor based on graphene/poly(1,5- diaminonaphthalene) film. Current Applied Physics 16: 135-140.
  • [18] Manowitz, P., Stoecker, P.W., Yacynych, A.M., 1995. Galactose biosensors using composite polymers to prevent interferences. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10: 359-370.
  • [19] Sharma, S.K., Suman, Pundir, C.S., Sehgal, N., Kumar, A., 2006. Galactose sensor based on galactose oxidase immobilized in polyvinyl formal. Sensors and Actuators B 119: 15-19.
  • [20] Gürsoy, O., Celik G., Sen Gürsoy, S. 2014. Electrochemical biosensor based on surfactant doped polypyrrole (PPy) matrix for lactose determination. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131: 40200.
  • [21] Cosnier, S., Gondran, C., Watelet, J.-C., Giovani, W.D., Furriel, R.P.M., Leone, F.A. 1998. A bienzyme electrode (alkaline phosphatase-polyphenol oxidase) for the amperometric determination of phospahe. Anal. Chem. 70: 3952-3956.
  • [22] Akyilmaz, E., Turemis, M., 2010. An inhibition type alkaline phosphatase biosensor for amperometric determination of caffeine. Electrochimica Acta 55: 5195-5199.
  • [23] Kafi, A.K.M., Wu,G., Chen, A., 2008. A novel hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto Aumodified titanium dioxide nanotube arrays. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24: 566-571.
  • [24] Li, W., Yuan, R., Chai, Y., Zhou, L., Chen, S., Li, N., 2008. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on chitosan/silica sol-gel hybrid membranes for the preparation of hydrogen peroxide biosensor. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 830-837.
  • [25] Sharma, S.K., Singhal, R., Malhotra, B.D., Sehgal, N., Kumar, A., 2004. Lactose biosensor based on Langmuir-Blodgett films of poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20: 651-657.
  • [26] Turner, A.P.F., Karube, I., Wilson, G.S., 1987. Biosensors Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford Univeristy Press, Oxford
  • [27] Kress-Rogers, E., 1998. Instrumentation and Sensors for the Food Industry; Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, England.
  • [28] Fox P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H., 1998. Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
  • [29] Dekker, P.J.T., Daamen, C.B.G., 2011. Enzymes exogenous to milk in dairy technology. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 2, Academic Press, London, pp. 276-282.
  • [30] Swallow, D.M., 2011. Lactose intolerance. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 3, Academic Press, London, pp. 236-239.
  • [31] Alm, L. 2002. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Editors: Roginski, H., Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F.) Academic Press, London, pp. 1533-1539.
  • [32] Gürsoy, O., Kınık, Ö., Gönen, İ., 2005. Probiyotikler ve gastrointestinal sağlığa etkileri. Türk Mikrobiyol. Cem. Derg. 35: 136-148.
  • [33] Tuohy, K.M., Probert, H.M., Smejkal, C.W., Gibson, G.R., 2003. Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health. Drug Discovery Today 8: 692-700.
  • [34] Rasooly, A., Herold, K.E., 2011. Biosensors. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Eds. Fuquay, J.W., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H.), Volume 1, Academic Press, London, pp. 235-240.
  • [35] Schaafsma, G., 2002. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. (Editors: Roginski, H., Fuquay, J. W., Fox, P. F.) Academic Press, London, pp. 1529-1533.
  • [36] De Souza, R.R., Bergamasco, R., Da Costa, S.C., Feng, X., Faria, S.H.B., Gimenes, M.L., 2010. Recovery and purification of lactose from whey. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 49: 1137-1143.
  • [37] Loechel, C., 1998. Amperometric bi-enzyme based biosensor for the detarmination of lactose with an extended linear range. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A 207: 381-385.
  • [38] Conzuelo, F., Gamella, M., Campuzano, S., Ruiz, M.A., Reviejo, A.J., Pingarron, J.M., 2010. An integrated amperometric biosensor for determination of lactose in milk and dairy products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 7141-7148.
  • [39] AOAC, 2005a. AOAC Official Method 930.28. Lactose in milk. Gravimetric method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [40] Abu-Lehia, I.H., 1987. A simple and rapid colorimetric method for lactose determination in milk. Food Chemistry 24: 233-240.
  • [41] AOAC, 2005. AOAC Official Method 896.01-1896. Lactose in milk. Polarimetric method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [42] AOAC, 2005. AOAC Official Method 984.15. Lactose in milk. Enzymatic method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International.
  • [43] Harvey, J., 1988. A high performance liquid chromatography method for lactose determination in milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 43: 19- 20.
  • [44] IDF, 2007. ISO 22662:2007 (IDF 198:2007). Milk and milk products: Determination of lactose content by high-performance liquid chromatography (Reference method).
  • [45] Adanyi, N., Szabo E.E., Varadi, M., 1999. Mutlienzyme biosensors with amperometric detection for determination of lactose in milk and dairy products. Eur. Food. Res. Technol. 209: 220-226.
  • [46] Luinge, H.J., Hop, E., Lutz, E.T.G., van Hemert, J.A., de Jong, E.A.M., 1993. Determination of the fat, protein and lactose content of milk using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 284: 419-433.
  • [47] Petrushevska-Tozi, L., Bauer-Petrovska, B., 1997. Spectrophotometric determination of lactose in milk with PdCl2. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45: 2112-2114.
  • [48] Stoica, L., Ludwig, R., Haltrich, D., Gorton, L., 2006. Third-generation biosensor for lactose based on newly discovered cellobiose dehydrogenase. Anal. Chem. 78: 393-398.
  • [49] Yakovleva, M., Buzas, O., Matsumura, H., Samejima, M., Igarashi, K., Larsson, P.O., Gorton, L., Danielsson B., 2012. A novel combined thermometric and amperometric biosensor for lactose determination based on immobilised cellobiose dehydrogenase. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 31: 251-256.
  • [50] Cosnier, S., Innocent, C., 1994. Detection of galactose and lactose by a poly(amphiphilic pyrrole)- galactose oxidase electrode. Analytical Letters 27(8): 1429-1442.
  • [51] Cosnier, S., 1998. Fabrication of amperometric biosensors by entrapment of enzymes in functionalized polypyrrole films. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 76: 1000-1007.
  • [52] Klee, B., John, E., Jähnig, F., 1992. A biosensor based on the membrane protein lactose permease. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 7(1-3): 376-379.
  • [53] Ottenbacher, D., Jähnig, F., Göpel, W., 1993. A prototype biosensor based on transport proteins: electrical transducers applied to lactose permease. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 13(1-3): 173-175.
  • [54] Svorc, J., Miertus, S., Barlikova, A., 1990. Hybrid biosensor for the determimation of lactose. Anal. Chem. 62: 1628-1631.
  • [55] Ammam M., Fransaer, J., 2010. Two-enzyme lactose biosensor based on β-galactosidase and glucose oxidase deposited by AC-electrophoresis: Characteristics and performance for lactose determination in milk. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 148: 583-589.
  • [56] Ferreira, L.S., Trierweiler, J.O., De Souza, M.B., Folly, R.O.M., 2004. A lactose FIA-biosensor system for monitoring and process control. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 21(2): 307-315.
  • [57] Yang, C., Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Xue, P., Chang, P., Yan, R., 2010. Application of a novel co-enzyme reactor in chemiluminescense flow-through biosensor for determination of lactose. Talanta 82: 319-324.
  • [58] Rajendran, V., Irudayaraj, J., 2002. Detection of glucose, galactose, and lactose in milk with a microdialysis-coupled flow injection amperometric sensor. Journal of Dairy Science 85(6): 1357-1361.
  • [59] Yang, W., Pang, Pengfei, P., Gao, X., Cai, Q., Zeng, K., Grimes, C.A., 2007. Detection of lactose in milk samples using a wireless multi-enzyme biosensor. Sensor Letters 5(2): 405-410.
  • [60] Tasca, F., Ludwig, R., Gorton, L., Antiochia, R., 2013. Determination of lactose by a novel third generation biosensor based on a cellobiose dehyrogenase and aryl diazonium modified single wall carbon nanotubes electrode. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 177: 64-69.
  • [61] Amarita, F., Fenandez, C.R., Alkorta, F., 1997. Hybrid biosensors to estimate lactose in milk. Analytica Chimica Acta 349: 153-158.
  • [62] Liu, H., Ying, T., Sun, K., Li, H., Qi, D., 1997. Reagetless amperometric biosensors highly sensitive to hydrogen preoxide, glucose and lactose based on N-methyl phenazine methosulfate incorporated in a Nafion film as an electron transfer mediator between horseradish peroxidase and an electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta 344: 187-199.
  • [63] Liu, H., Li, H., Ying, T., Qi, D., 1998. Amperometric biosensor sensitive to glucose and lactose based on co-immobilization of ferrocene, glucose oxidase, betagalactosidase and mutarotase in beta-cyclodextrin polymer. Analytica Chimica Acta 358(2):137-144
  • [64] Göktuğ, T., Sezgintürk, M. K., Dinçkaya, E., 2005. Glucose oxidase-β-galactosidase hybrid biosensor based on glassy carbon electrode modified with mercury for lactose determination. Analytica Chimica Acta 551: 51-56.
  • [65] Safina, G., Ludwig, R., Gorton, L., 2010. A simple and sensitive method for lactose detection based on direct electron transfer between immobilised cellobiose dehydrogenase and screen-printed carbon electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 55: 7690-7695.
  • [66] Loğoğlu, E., Sungur, S., Yildiz, Y., 2006. Development of lactose biosensor based on β‐ galactosidase and glucose oxidase ımmobilized into gelatin. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 43(3): 525-533.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sadık Çoğal Bu kişi benim

Songül Şen Gürsoy Bu kişi benim

Gamze Çelik Çoğal Bu kişi benim

Oğuz Gürsoy Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çoğal, S., Gürsoy, S. Ş., Çoğal, G. Ç., Gürsoy, O. (2016). Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı. Akademik Gıda, 14(1), 33-42.
AMA Çoğal S, Gürsoy SŞ, Çoğal GÇ, Gürsoy O. Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı. Akademik Gıda. Mart 2016;14(1):33-42.
Chicago Çoğal, Sadık, Songül Şen Gürsoy, Gamze Çelik Çoğal, ve Oğuz Gürsoy. “Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı”. Akademik Gıda 14, sy. 1 (Mart 2016): 33-42.
EndNote Çoğal S, Gürsoy SŞ, Çoğal GÇ, Gürsoy O (01 Mart 2016) Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı. Akademik Gıda 14 1 33–42.
IEEE S. Çoğal, S. Ş. Gürsoy, G. Ç. Çoğal, ve O. Gürsoy, “Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı”, Akademik Gıda, c. 14, sy. 1, ss. 33–42, 2016.
ISNAD Çoğal, Sadık vd. “Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı”. Akademik Gıda 14/1 (Mart 2016), 33-42.
JAMA Çoğal S, Gürsoy SŞ, Çoğal GÇ, Gürsoy O. Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı. Akademik Gıda. 2016;14:33–42.
MLA Çoğal, Sadık vd. “Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı”. Akademik Gıda, c. 14, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 33-42.
Vancouver Çoğal S, Gürsoy SŞ, Çoğal GÇ, Gürsoy O. Sütte Laktoz Tayini İçin Biyosensörlerin Kullanımı. Akademik Gıda. 2016;14(1):33-42.

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