Nitrate and Nitrite Contents of Baby Foods

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 11 - 18, 01.12.2012

Özgül Özdestan Ali Üren

Öz

Nitrate and nitrite are undesired compounds in foods. Nitrate ion is not directly toxic but it can readily be converted to harmful nitrite ion by microbial reduction. Nitrite can interact with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin by oxidation of ferrous iron Fe+2 to the ferric state Fe+3 , a condition described as methemoglobinemia that is dangerous, especially in infants, and it is called as blue-baby syndrome. There have been a limited number of studies about nitrate and nitrite content of baby foods in literature. In this study, nitrate and nitrite analyses were made in 20 vegetable and fruitbased baby foods sold in Izmir, Turkey. Nitrate concentrations of baby foods changed from 3.32 to 99.73 mg/kg. Nitrite concentrations of baby foods changed from non-detectable values to 30.09 mg/kg. The results indicated that nitrate contents were all below the legislated value 200 mg/kg

Anahtar Kelimeler

Blue-baby syndrome, Nitrate, Nitrite, Baby food

Bebek Mamalarının Nitrat ve Nitrit İçerikleri

Öz

Nitrat ve nitrit gıdalarda bulunması istenmeyen bileşiklerdir. Nitrat iyonu direkt olarak toksik etkiye sahip değildir ancak mikrobiyal indirgenme ile zararlı nitrit iyonuna dönüşebilmektedir. Nitrit hemoglobin ile interaksiyona girmekte, Fe+2oksidasyon ile Fe+3’e dönüşmekte, ‘methemoglobin’ meydana gelmektedir. Bu olay “methemoglobinemia” olarak adlandırılmaktadır, Çocuklar için tehlikelidir ve “mavi bebek sendromu” olarak bilinmektedir. Literatürde bebek mamalarında nitrat ve nitritin belirlenmesi ile ilgili az sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, İzmir’de marketlerde satılan sebze ve meyve bazlı 20 farklı bebek mamasında nitrat ve nitrit analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bebek mamalarının nitrat içeriği 3.32 ile 99.73 mg/kg arasında bulunmuştur. Bebek mamalarının nitrit içeriği ise tespit edilemeyen düzeylerden 30.09 mg/kg’a kadar değişen konsantrasyonlarda bulunmuştur. Örneklerin nitrat içeriği yasal sınır değerinin 200 mg/kg altında bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mavi bebek sendromu, Nitrat, Nitrit, Bebek maması

Kaynakça

• Johnson, C.J., Kross, B.C., 1990. Continuing importance of nitrate contamination of groundwater and wells in rural areas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 18(4): 449–456.
• Hallberg, G.R., 1989. In: Follet, R.F. (Ed.), Nitrate in Groundwater in the United States: Nitrogen Management and Groundwater Protection. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 35–74.
• Van Leeuwen, F.X.R., 2000. Safe drinking water: the toxicologist’s approach. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38: S51–S58.
• Cammack, R., Joannou, C.L., Cui, X-Y., Martinez, C.T., Maraj, S.R., Hughes, M.N., 1999. Nitrite and nitrosyl compounds in food preservation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1411: 475–488.
• Connolly, D., Paul, B., 2001. Rapid determination of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water samples using ion-interaction liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 441: 53–62.
• Cemek, M., Akkaya, L., Birdane, Y.O., Seyrek, K., Bulut, S., Konuk, M., 2007. Nitrate and nitrite levels in fruity and natural mineral waters marketed in western Turkey. J. Food Comp. Anal. 20: 236–240.
• Amr, A., Hadidi, N., 2001. Effect of cultivar and harvest date on nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) content of selected vegetables grown under open field and greenhouse conditions in Jordan. J. Food Comp. Anal. 14: 59–67.
• Hsu, J., Arcot, J., Lee, N.A., 2009. Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians. Food Chem. 115: 334–339.
• Kazemzadeh, A., Ensafi, A.A., 2001. Sequential flow injection spectrophotometric determination of nitrite and nitrate in various samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 442: 319–326.
• Prasad, S., Chetty, A.A., 2008. Nitrate-N determination in leafy vegetables: study of the effects of cooking and freezing. Food Chem. 106: 772–780.
• Greer, F.R., Shannon, M., 2005. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health, Infant methemoglobinemia: the role of dietary nitrate in food and water. Pediatrics 116: 784–786.
• Chan, T.Y.K., 1996. Food-borne nitrates and nitrites as a cause of methemoglobinemia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 27: 189–192.
• Savino, F., Maccario, S., Guidi, C., Castagno, E., Farinasso, D., Cresi, F., Silvestro, L., Mussa, G.C., 2006. Methemoglobinemia caused by the ingestion of courgette soup given in order to resolve constipation in two formula-fed infants. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 50: 368–371.
• Chan, T.Y.K., 2011. Vegetable-borne nitrate and nitrite and the risk of methaemoglobinaemia. Toxicol. Lett. 200: 107–108.
• Ximenes, M.I.N., Rath, S., Reyes, F.G.R., 2000. Polarographic vegetables. Talanta 51: 49–56. of nitrate in
• Santamaria, P., 2006. Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity content, intake and EC regulation. J. Food Agric. 86: 10–17.
• Du, S.T., Jin, C.W., Zhang, Y.S., 2010. Current situations and research progress of nitrate pollution in vegetables and their regulating strategies. Sci. Agric. Sin. 43: 3580–3589.
• EFSA, 2008 European Food Safety Authority. Nitrate in vegetables – scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. Eur. Food Saf. Assoc. J. 689: 1–79.
• Eisenbrand, G., Spiegelhalder, B., Preussmann, R., 1980. Nitrate and nitrite in saliva. Oncology 37: 227–231.
• Bermejo, P., Pena, E., Dominguez, R., Bermejo, A., Fraga, J.M., Cocho, J.A., 2000. Speciation of iron in breast milk and infant formulas whey by size exclusion chromatography–high performance liquid chromatography absorption spectrometry. Talanta 50(6): 1211– 1222.
• electrothermal atomic
• Ikem, A., Nwankwoala, A., Odueyungbo, S., Nyavor, K., Egiebor, N., 2002. Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES. Food Chem. 77(4): 439–447.
• Rodriguez, R.E.M., Sanz, A.M., Diaz, R.C., 2000. Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and powdered infant formula. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 51(5): 373–380.
• Woese, K., Lange, D., Boess, C., Bogl, K.W., 1997. A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods - results of a review of the relevant literature. J. Sci. Food Agric. 74: 281–293.
• De Martin, S., Restani, P., 2003. Determination of nitrates by a novel ion chromatographic method: occurrence in leafy vegetables (organic and conventional) and exposure assessment for Italian consumers. Food Add. Contam. 20: 787–792.
• Sanchez-Echaniz, J., Benito-Fernandez, J., 2001. Methemoglobinemia vegetables in infants. Pediatrics 107: 1024–1028.
• Hill, M., 1996. Nitrates and nitrites in food and water. Cambridge: Woodhead.
• EC, 2006. European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L. 364: 5–24.
• EC, 1992. European Commission. Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 26th Series, 21–28.
• EC, 1997. European Commission. Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 38th Series, 1–33. [30] FAO/WHO, Food Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organization. Nitrate (and potential endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds). WHO Food Additive series 50. Geneva: World Health Organisation. and Agriculture
• EU Scientific Committee for Food Opinion on nitrate and nitrite, 1995. European Commission DG III Brussels Expressed on 22 September 1995-Annex 4 to document III/56/95, CS/CNTM/NO3/20-FINAL.
• Özdestan, Ö., Üren, A., 2010. Development of a cost-effective method for nitrate and nitrite determination in leafy plants and nitrate and nitrite contents of some green leafy vegetables grown in the Aegean Region of Turkey. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 5235-5240.
• EFSA, 2005. European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic opinion. EFSA J. 282: 1–31.
• Kersting, M., Alexy, U., Sichert-Hellert, W., Manz, F., Schoch, G., 1998. Measured consumption of commercial infant food products in German infants: results from the DONALD study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 27: 547– 552.
• Vasco, E.R., Alvitoa, P.C., 2011. Occurrence and infant exposure assessment of nitrates in baby foods marketed in the region of Lisbon. Portugal. Food Add. Contam. B4(3): 218–225.
• Pardo-Marin, O., Yusa-Pelecha, V., Villalba-Martin, P., Perez-Dasi, J.A., 2010. Monitoring programme on nitrates in vegetables and vegetable-based baby foods marketed in the Region of Valencia, Spain: levels and estimated daily intake. Food Add. Contam. 27(4): 478-486.
• Hardisson, A., Gonzalez-Padron, A., Frias, I., Reguera, J.I., 1996. The evaluation of the content of nitrates and nitrites in food products for infants. J. Food Comp. Anal. 9: 13–17.
• Tamme, T., Reinik, M., Roasto, M., Juhkam, K., Tenno, T., Kiis, A., 2006. Nitrates and nitrites in vegetables and vegetable-based products and their intakes by Estonian population. Food Add. Contam. 23: 355–361.
• Casanova, J.A., Gross, L.K., McMullen, S.E., Schenck, F.J., 2006. Use of Griess reagent containing derivatization and simultaneous determination of (III) for post-column
• contamination in baby foods and infant formulas
• marketed in Turkey. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 60(3): 206-209.