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Bisphenol A Migration into Foods and its Effects on Human Health

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 93 - 98, 01.09.2012

Öz

In recent years, BPA has been attracted a great deal of attention as a contaminant migrating into foods. Migration routes into foods include inner coating of food cans and polycarbonate polymer based baby bottles, milk, water/beverage bottles and food preparation/servicing equipment. Toxic effects of BPA reported in many scientific articles are insufficient brain development in newborns and fetus, structural changes in body, hyperactivity, and prevention of fertility. Due to its estrogenic activity, concerns about the development of carcinogenicity are reported in different studies. These negative effects on human health have led legal authorities to revise legislations and to increase studies on this subject. European Food Safety Authority announced Tolerable Daily Intake TDI of BPA as 50µg/kg/day. In Turkey, BPA addition during the manufacturing of polycarbonate baby bottles is banned. In this study, migration sources for BPA, effects on health, research available in the literature and related legislations are reviewed

Kaynakça

  • Fernandez M.F., Arrebola, J.P., Taoufiki, J., Naval´on, A., Ballesteros, O., Pulgar, R., Vilchez, J.L., Olea, N, 2007. Bisphenol-A and chlorinated derivatives in adipose tissue of women. Reproductive Toxicology 24: 259–264.
  • Ballesteros-Gomez, A., Rubio, S., Perez-Bendito, D., 2009. Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 449 – 469.
  • Braun, J., Yolton, K., Dietrich, K., Hornung, R., Ye, X., Calafat, A. M., Lanphear, B. P., 2009. Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and early childhood behavior. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(12): 1945- 1952.
  • Hoekstra, E.J., Simoneau, C., 2012. Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate—a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition DOI 10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
  • Yang, M., Kim, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Chang, S.S., Kawamoto, T., Jang, J.Y., Ahn, Y.O., 2003. Biological monitoring of bisphenol A in a Korean population, Contamination and Toxicology 44:546–551. of Environmental
  • Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K., Fjeldal, P., 2008. Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: mechanisms of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research and Technology 227(4): 1053–1060.
  • Munguía-López, E.M., Soto-Valdez, H., 2001. Effect of heat processing and storage time on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) to aqueous food stimulant from Mexican can coatings. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 3666–3671.
  • Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley T.H., Hollifield, H.C., 1997. Determination of bisphenol-A in reusable polycarbonate food-contact plastics and migration to food-simulating liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 (9): 3541–3544.
  • Maragoua, N.C., Makria, A., Lampib, E.N., Thomaidisa, N.S., Koupparisa M.A., 2008. Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions, Food Additives and Contaminants 25(3):373-383.
  • Cao X., Corriveau J., 2008. Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby and water bottles into water under severe conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(15): 6378– 6381.
  • Thomson, B.M., Grounds, P.R., 2005.Bisphenol A in canned foods in New Zealand: an exposure assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants 22: 65-72.
  • Goodson, A., Summerfield, W., Cooper, I., 2002. Survey of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in canned foods. Food Additives and Contaminants 19: 796– 802.
  • Kang, J.H., Kondo, F., Katayama, Y., 2006. Human exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicology 226: 79–89.
  • Kang, J.H., Kito, K., Kondo, F., 2003. Factors influencing the migration of bisphenol A from cans. Journal of Food Protection 66: 1444–1447.
  • Erdem, Y.K., Acar F., 2012. Migration of bisphenol- a into the natural spring water packaged in polycarbonate carbons, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2(1):152.
  • López-Cervantes, J., Paseiro-Losada, P., 2003. Determination of bisphenol A in, and its migration from, PVC stretch film used for food packaging, Food Additives and Contaminants 20: 596–606.
  • Dekant, W., Volkel, W., 2008. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results and assessment Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 228: 114– 134. exposures.
  • Koch, H.M., Calafat, A.M., 2009. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 364: 2063–2078.
  • Talsness, C.E., Andrade, A.J., Kuriyama, S.N., Taylor, J.A., Vom Saal, F.S., 2009. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B Biological Science 364: 2079–2096.
  • Fernandez, S.V., Russo, J., 2010. Estrogen and xenoestrogens in breast cancer. Toxicological Pathology 38: 110–122.
  • Halden, R.U., 2010. Plastics and health risks. Annual Review of Public Health 31: 179–194.
  • Vandenberg, L.N., Chahoud, I., Heindel, J.J., Padmanabhan, Schoenfelder, G., 2010. Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. Environonmental Health Perspectives 118:1055–1070. F.J.
  • Hotchkiss, A.K., Rider, C.V., Blystone, C.R., Wilson, V.S., Hartig, P.C., Ankley, G.T., Foster, P.M., Gray, C.L., Gray, L.E., 2008. Fifteen years after “Wingspread”–environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health: where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicological Sciences 105: 235–259.
  • Zama, A.M., Uzumcu, M., 2010. Epigenetic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on female reproduction: an ovarian perspective. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 31: 420–439.
  • Bourguignon, J.P., Parent, A.S., 2010. Early homeostatic disturbances of human growth and maturation by endocrine disrupters. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22: 470–477.
  • Meeker, J.D., 2010. Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds and men’s health. Maturitas 66: 236–241.
  • Trasande, L., Cronk, C., Durkin, M., Weiss, M., Schoeller, D.A., Gall, E.A., Hewitt, J.B., Carrel, A.L., Landrigan, P.J., Gillman, M.W., 2009. Environment and obesity in the national children’s study. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 159–166.
  • Newbold, R.R., 2010. Impact of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals on the development of obesity. Hormones 9: 206–217.
  • Elobeid, M.A., Allison, D.B., 2008. Putative environmental-endocrine disruptors and obesity: a review. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15: 403–408.
  • Walvoord, E.C., 2010. The Timing of Puberty: is it changing? Does it matter? Journal of Adolescent Health 47: 433–439.
  • Salian, S., Doshi, T., Vanage, G., 2009a. Perinatal exposure of rats to bisphenol A affects the fertility of male offspring. Life Sciences 85 (21/22): 742–752.
  • Salian, S., Doshi, T., Vanage, G., 2009b. Neonatal exposure of male rats to bisphenol A impairs fertility and expression of sertoli cell junctional proteins in the testis. Toxicology 265 (1/2): 56–67.
  • Mielke H., Gundert-Remy U. 2009. Bisphenol A levels in blood depend on age and exposure. Toxicology Letters 190: 32–40
  • Yan, H., Takamoto, M., Sugane K., 2008. Exposure to Bisphenol A prenatally or in adulthood promotes T(H)2 cytokine production associated with reduction of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 514–9.
  • Ohshima, Y., Yamada, A., Tokuriki, S., Yasutomi, M., Omata, N., Mayumi, M. 2007. Transmaternal exposure to bisphenol A modulates the development of oral tolerance. Pediatrics Research 62: 60–64.
  • Midoro-Horiuti, T., Tiwari, R., Watson, C.S., Goldblum, R.M. 2010. Maternal bisphenol a exposure experimental asthma in mouse pups. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: 273–277. of
  • Goto, M., Takano-Ishikawa, Y., Ono, H., Yoshida, M., Yamaki, K. And Shinmoto, H. 2007. Orally administered bisphenol A disturbed antigen specific immunoresponses Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 71: 2136–2143. the naive condition.
  • Miyagawa, K., Narita, M., Narita, M., Akama, H., Suzuki, T., 2007. Memory impairment associated with a dysfunction of the hippocampal cholinergic system induced by prenatal and neonatal exposures to bisphenol-A. Neuroscience Letters 418(3): 236-241. [39] Ryan, B.C., Vandenbergh, exposure environmental Developmental estrogens alters anxiety and spatial memory in female mice. Hormones and Behavior 50:85–93.
  • Cavalieri, E.L., Rogan, E.G., 2010. Is bisphenol A a weak carcinogen like the natural estrogens and diethylstilbestrol? IUBMB Life 62: 746–751.
  • Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., 2010. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6: 364–371.
  • Vandenberg, L. N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N., Welshons, W.V., 2007. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology 24(2): 139-177.
  • Keri R.A., Ho S.-M., Hunt P., Knudsen K., Soto A.M., Prins G. S. 2007. An evaluation of evidence for the carcinogenic activity of bisphenol A. Reproductive Toxicology 24: 240–252.
  • Darbre, P.D., Charles, A.K., 2010. Environmental oestrogens and breast cancer: evidence for combined involvement of dietary, household and cosmetic xenoestrogens. Anticancer Research 30: 815–827.
  • Ben-Jonathan N., Hugo E. V., Brandebourg T. D. 2009. Effects of bisphenol A on adipokine release from human adipose tissue: Implications for the metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304: 49–54.
  • Alonso-Magdalena, P., Vieira, E., Soriano, S., Menes, L., Burks, D., Quesada, I., Nadal, A., 2010. Bisphenol A exposure during pregnancy disrupts glucose homeostasis in mothers and adult male offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: 1243–1250.
  • National Institute of Health, 2008. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol-A. National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Washington D.C. (CERHR-NTP)
  • ICIS, 12 Oct 2008. “Chemical Profile: Bisphenol A,” ICIS Chemical Business. Retrieved on April 18, 2012, Retrieved on March 25, 2012, Available from: http://www.icis.com/Articles/ 2008/10/13/9162868/chemical-profile-bisphenol- a.html.
  • NTP 2008. National Toxicology Program. NTP brief on BPA. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/ slides/2008-0038s1-02.pdf
  • FDA, 2010. Update on Bisphenol A for Use in Food Contact Applications, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/downloads/NewsEvents/PublicH ealthFocus/UCM197778.pdf 2010.
  • FDA, 2012. Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Applicationhttp://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicH ealthFocus/ucm064437.htm.
  • Williams, E.S., Panko, J., Paustenbach, D.J., 2009. The European Union’s REACH regulation: a review of its history and requirements. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 39 (7): 553-575.
  • Plastics Europe, 2012. The Plastics Portal, Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: http://www. plasticseurope.org/
  • European Union, 2008. European Union Risk Assessment Report e Bisphenol A. EINECS No: 201-245-8. Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: chemicals/risk_assessment/ REPORT/bisphenolareport325.pdf. existing
  • EFSA, 2010. Scientific Opinion on Bisphenol A: evaluation neurodevelopmental toxicity, review of recent scientific literature on its toxicity and advice on the Danish risk assessment of Bisphenol A. EFSA J. 8, 1829. investigating its
  • Bottemiller, H., 2010. France Bans BPA in Baby Bottles. Food Safety News. Retrieved on March 15, 2012, Available from: http://www.foodsafetynews. com/2010/05/france-bans-bpa-in-baby-bottles.
  • British Broadcasting System, 2010. EU Bans Bisphenol A Chemical from Babies’ Bottles. Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11843820
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi. 2011. Gıda Maddeleri İle Temasta Bulunan Plastik Madde Ve Malzemeler Tebliğinde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2011/29), Ankara.

Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 93 - 98, 01.09.2012

Öz

Bisfenol A son yıllarda gıdalara geçiş açısından dikkat çekici bir bulaşan haline gelmiştir. Genel olarak polikarbonat esaslı plastiklerde ve konserve metal kapların iç kaplaması olarak kullanılan epoksi bazlı reçinelerde bulunmaktadır. Gıdalara bulaşma genellikle konserve kutu iç kaplamaları, bebek biberonları, süt, su ve içecek şişeleri veya damacanaları ile gıda pişirme/servis ekipmanlarından olmaktadır. BPA’nın insan sağlığı üzerine toksik etkileri arasında yenidoğan ve ceninde beyin gelişimini engellemesi, vücutta yapısal değişikliklere yol açması, hiperaktiviteye ve öğrenme bozukluklarına ve insanlarda kısırlığa neden olması şeklinde sayılabilir. Ayrıca BPA’nın östrojenik özelliği nedeniyle karsinojen olma şüphesi de çeşitli araştırmalarda belirtilmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkiler, yasal düzenlemelerin gözden geçirilmesine ve araştırmaların konu üzerine yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Avrupa Gıda Güvenliği Otoritesi EFSA , BPA’nın günlük en fazla alımını 50 µg/kg/gün olarak sınırlamıştır. Ülkemizde, biberon gibi bebek beslenmesinde kullanılan polikarbonat malzemelerin üretiminde BPA’nın kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, BPA’nın bulunduğu malzemeler, insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri, dünya ve ülkemiz araştırıcıları tarafından yapılan çalışmaların sonuçları ve ilgili yasal düzenlemeler derlenmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Fernandez M.F., Arrebola, J.P., Taoufiki, J., Naval´on, A., Ballesteros, O., Pulgar, R., Vilchez, J.L., Olea, N, 2007. Bisphenol-A and chlorinated derivatives in adipose tissue of women. Reproductive Toxicology 24: 259–264.
  • Ballesteros-Gomez, A., Rubio, S., Perez-Bendito, D., 2009. Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food. Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 449 – 469.
  • Braun, J., Yolton, K., Dietrich, K., Hornung, R., Ye, X., Calafat, A. M., Lanphear, B. P., 2009. Prenatal bisphenol a exposure and early childhood behavior. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(12): 1945- 1952.
  • Hoekstra, E.J., Simoneau, C., 2012. Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate—a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition DOI 10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
  • Yang, M., Kim, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Chang, S.S., Kawamoto, T., Jang, J.Y., Ahn, Y.O., 2003. Biological monitoring of bisphenol A in a Korean population, Contamination and Toxicology 44:546–551. of Environmental
  • Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K., Fjeldal, P., 2008. Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: mechanisms of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research and Technology 227(4): 1053–1060.
  • Munguía-López, E.M., Soto-Valdez, H., 2001. Effect of heat processing and storage time on migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) to aqueous food stimulant from Mexican can coatings. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49: 3666–3671.
  • Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley T.H., Hollifield, H.C., 1997. Determination of bisphenol-A in reusable polycarbonate food-contact plastics and migration to food-simulating liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 (9): 3541–3544.
  • Maragoua, N.C., Makria, A., Lampib, E.N., Thomaidisa, N.S., Koupparisa M.A., 2008. Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions, Food Additives and Contaminants 25(3):373-383.
  • Cao X., Corriveau J., 2008. Migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby and water bottles into water under severe conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(15): 6378– 6381.
  • Thomson, B.M., Grounds, P.R., 2005.Bisphenol A in canned foods in New Zealand: an exposure assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants 22: 65-72.
  • Goodson, A., Summerfield, W., Cooper, I., 2002. Survey of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in canned foods. Food Additives and Contaminants 19: 796– 802.
  • Kang, J.H., Kondo, F., Katayama, Y., 2006. Human exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicology 226: 79–89.
  • Kang, J.H., Kito, K., Kondo, F., 2003. Factors influencing the migration of bisphenol A from cans. Journal of Food Protection 66: 1444–1447.
  • Erdem, Y.K., Acar F., 2012. Migration of bisphenol- a into the natural spring water packaged in polycarbonate carbons, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2(1):152.
  • López-Cervantes, J., Paseiro-Losada, P., 2003. Determination of bisphenol A in, and its migration from, PVC stretch film used for food packaging, Food Additives and Contaminants 20: 596–606.
  • Dekant, W., Volkel, W., 2008. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: methods, results and assessment Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 228: 114– 134. exposures.
  • Koch, H.M., Calafat, A.M., 2009. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 364: 2063–2078.
  • Talsness, C.E., Andrade, A.J., Kuriyama, S.N., Taylor, J.A., Vom Saal, F.S., 2009. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B Biological Science 364: 2079–2096.
  • Fernandez, S.V., Russo, J., 2010. Estrogen and xenoestrogens in breast cancer. Toxicological Pathology 38: 110–122.
  • Halden, R.U., 2010. Plastics and health risks. Annual Review of Public Health 31: 179–194.
  • Vandenberg, L.N., Chahoud, I., Heindel, J.J., Padmanabhan, Schoenfelder, G., 2010. Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. Environonmental Health Perspectives 118:1055–1070. F.J.
  • Hotchkiss, A.K., Rider, C.V., Blystone, C.R., Wilson, V.S., Hartig, P.C., Ankley, G.T., Foster, P.M., Gray, C.L., Gray, L.E., 2008. Fifteen years after “Wingspread”–environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health: where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicological Sciences 105: 235–259.
  • Zama, A.M., Uzumcu, M., 2010. Epigenetic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on female reproduction: an ovarian perspective. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 31: 420–439.
  • Bourguignon, J.P., Parent, A.S., 2010. Early homeostatic disturbances of human growth and maturation by endocrine disrupters. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 22: 470–477.
  • Meeker, J.D., 2010. Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds and men’s health. Maturitas 66: 236–241.
  • Trasande, L., Cronk, C., Durkin, M., Weiss, M., Schoeller, D.A., Gall, E.A., Hewitt, J.B., Carrel, A.L., Landrigan, P.J., Gillman, M.W., 2009. Environment and obesity in the national children’s study. Environmental Health Perspectives 117: 159–166.
  • Newbold, R.R., 2010. Impact of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals on the development of obesity. Hormones 9: 206–217.
  • Elobeid, M.A., Allison, D.B., 2008. Putative environmental-endocrine disruptors and obesity: a review. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15: 403–408.
  • Walvoord, E.C., 2010. The Timing of Puberty: is it changing? Does it matter? Journal of Adolescent Health 47: 433–439.
  • Salian, S., Doshi, T., Vanage, G., 2009a. Perinatal exposure of rats to bisphenol A affects the fertility of male offspring. Life Sciences 85 (21/22): 742–752.
  • Salian, S., Doshi, T., Vanage, G., 2009b. Neonatal exposure of male rats to bisphenol A impairs fertility and expression of sertoli cell junctional proteins in the testis. Toxicology 265 (1/2): 56–67.
  • Mielke H., Gundert-Remy U. 2009. Bisphenol A levels in blood depend on age and exposure. Toxicology Letters 190: 32–40
  • Yan, H., Takamoto, M., Sugane K., 2008. Exposure to Bisphenol A prenatally or in adulthood promotes T(H)2 cytokine production associated with reduction of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 116: 514–9.
  • Ohshima, Y., Yamada, A., Tokuriki, S., Yasutomi, M., Omata, N., Mayumi, M. 2007. Transmaternal exposure to bisphenol A modulates the development of oral tolerance. Pediatrics Research 62: 60–64.
  • Midoro-Horiuti, T., Tiwari, R., Watson, C.S., Goldblum, R.M. 2010. Maternal bisphenol a exposure experimental asthma in mouse pups. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: 273–277. of
  • Goto, M., Takano-Ishikawa, Y., Ono, H., Yoshida, M., Yamaki, K. And Shinmoto, H. 2007. Orally administered bisphenol A disturbed antigen specific immunoresponses Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 71: 2136–2143. the naive condition.
  • Miyagawa, K., Narita, M., Narita, M., Akama, H., Suzuki, T., 2007. Memory impairment associated with a dysfunction of the hippocampal cholinergic system induced by prenatal and neonatal exposures to bisphenol-A. Neuroscience Letters 418(3): 236-241. [39] Ryan, B.C., Vandenbergh, exposure environmental Developmental estrogens alters anxiety and spatial memory in female mice. Hormones and Behavior 50:85–93.
  • Cavalieri, E.L., Rogan, E.G., 2010. Is bisphenol A a weak carcinogen like the natural estrogens and diethylstilbestrol? IUBMB Life 62: 746–751.
  • Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., 2010. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6: 364–371.
  • Vandenberg, L. N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N., Welshons, W.V., 2007. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology 24(2): 139-177.
  • Keri R.A., Ho S.-M., Hunt P., Knudsen K., Soto A.M., Prins G. S. 2007. An evaluation of evidence for the carcinogenic activity of bisphenol A. Reproductive Toxicology 24: 240–252.
  • Darbre, P.D., Charles, A.K., 2010. Environmental oestrogens and breast cancer: evidence for combined involvement of dietary, household and cosmetic xenoestrogens. Anticancer Research 30: 815–827.
  • Ben-Jonathan N., Hugo E. V., Brandebourg T. D. 2009. Effects of bisphenol A on adipokine release from human adipose tissue: Implications for the metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304: 49–54.
  • Alonso-Magdalena, P., Vieira, E., Soriano, S., Menes, L., Burks, D., Quesada, I., Nadal, A., 2010. Bisphenol A exposure during pregnancy disrupts glucose homeostasis in mothers and adult male offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 118: 1243–1250.
  • National Institute of Health, 2008. NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol-A. National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Washington D.C. (CERHR-NTP)
  • ICIS, 12 Oct 2008. “Chemical Profile: Bisphenol A,” ICIS Chemical Business. Retrieved on April 18, 2012, Retrieved on March 25, 2012, Available from: http://www.icis.com/Articles/ 2008/10/13/9162868/chemical-profile-bisphenol- a.html.
  • NTP 2008. National Toxicology Program. NTP brief on BPA. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/ slides/2008-0038s1-02.pdf
  • FDA, 2010. Update on Bisphenol A for Use in Food Contact Applications, U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/downloads/NewsEvents/PublicH ealthFocus/UCM197778.pdf 2010.
  • FDA, 2012. Bisphenol A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Applicationhttp://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicH ealthFocus/ucm064437.htm.
  • Williams, E.S., Panko, J., Paustenbach, D.J., 2009. The European Union’s REACH regulation: a review of its history and requirements. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 39 (7): 553-575.
  • Plastics Europe, 2012. The Plastics Portal, Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: http://www. plasticseurope.org/
  • European Union, 2008. European Union Risk Assessment Report e Bisphenol A. EINECS No: 201-245-8. Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: chemicals/risk_assessment/ REPORT/bisphenolareport325.pdf. existing
  • EFSA, 2010. Scientific Opinion on Bisphenol A: evaluation neurodevelopmental toxicity, review of recent scientific literature on its toxicity and advice on the Danish risk assessment of Bisphenol A. EFSA J. 8, 1829. investigating its
  • Bottemiller, H., 2010. France Bans BPA in Baby Bottles. Food Safety News. Retrieved on March 15, 2012, Available from: http://www.foodsafetynews. com/2010/05/france-bans-bpa-in-baby-bottles.
  • British Broadcasting System, 2010. EU Bans Bisphenol A Chemical from Babies’ Bottles. Retrieved on April 15, 2012, Available from: http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11843820
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi. 2011. Gıda Maddeleri İle Temasta Bulunan Plastik Madde Ve Malzemeler Tebliğinde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2011/29), Ankara.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Tuğba Öksüz Bu kişi benim

Tuğba Özdal Bu kişi benim

Neşe Şahin-yeşilçubuk Bu kişi benim

Dilara Nilüfer-erdil Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Öksüz, T., Özdal, T., Şahin-yeşilçubuk, N., Nilüfer-erdil, D. (2012). Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Akademik Gıda, 10(3), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
AMA Öksüz T, Özdal T, Şahin-yeşilçubuk N, Nilüfer-erdil D. Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Akademik Gıda. Eylül 2012;10(3):93-98. doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
Chicago Öksüz, Tuğba, Tuğba Özdal, Neşe Şahin-yeşilçubuk, ve Dilara Nilüfer-erdil. “Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu Ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri”. Akademik Gıda 10, sy. 3 (Eylül 2012): 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
EndNote Öksüz T, Özdal T, Şahin-yeşilçubuk N, Nilüfer-erdil D (01 Eylül 2012) Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Akademik Gıda 10 3 93–98.
IEEE T. Öksüz, T. Özdal, N. Şahin-yeşilçubuk, ve D. Nilüfer-erdil, “Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri”, Akademik Gıda, c. 10, sy. 3, ss. 93–98, 2012, doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
ISNAD Öksüz, Tuğba vd. “Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu Ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri”. Akademik Gıda 10/3 (Eylül 2012), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
JAMA Öksüz T, Özdal T, Şahin-yeşilçubuk N, Nilüfer-erdil D. Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2012;10:93–98.
MLA Öksüz, Tuğba vd. “Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu Ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri”. Akademik Gıda, c. 10, sy. 3, 2012, ss. 93-98, doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.536919.
Vancouver Öksüz T, Özdal T, Şahin-yeşilçubuk N, Nilüfer-erdil D. Gıdalara Bisfenol A BPA Migrasyonu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2012;10(3):93-8.

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